DON is expected in wheat, increasing risk for piglets
DON can cause vomiting and digestive disorders in piglets as well affect the underdeveloped immune system. Knowing the risk of crop contamination before harvest can help reduce the negative effect of deoxynivalenol.
BY JULIA DVORSKA ,GLOBAL TECHNICAL MANAGER, MYCOTOXIN MANAGEMENT AND MARGAUX LECOLINET, GLOBAL MARKETING MANAGER, MYCOTOXIN MANAGEMENT, ADISSEO
M
Climatic risk 2021
Russia (Black sea area) Surface: 7.196.500 ha Volume: 27.197.117 t
Ukraine Surface: 6.783.570 ha Volume: 29.094.320 t
France Surface: 4.867.725 ha Volume: 35.522.731 t
DON
(ppb) Risk
46
ycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by toxigenic fungi. The level of contamination in grains varies from year to year and depends on the area climate, weather
conditions and on agronomic practices. Analysing a crop just after harvest can help to plan how to use it and which groups of animals it can be fed to in the case of high levels of contamination. Adisseo, in collaboration with Syngenta, have developed a practical new tool called MycoMan Predict, which allows to estimate the risk of crop contamination before the harvest. According to MycoMan Predict 2021, the deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of wheat in certain major exporting countries, including Ukraine, Russia (the Black Sea area) and France is high (Figure 1). The MycoMan Predict threshold is
Figure 1 - DON contamination predicted in wheat from European countries.
Very strong Strong Medium Low Low Medium Strong
Agronomic risk 2021
< 600 Low
600
600-1200 Medium
1200 > 1200 High
Very strong
600 µg/kg, which means that there is a high risk of mycotoxin contamination in these countries. Moreover, a level of 600 µg/kg is considered as a heavy challenge for the animal level; even with dilution in the formulation, sensitive animals such as piglets, could already be impacted by as little as 150 µg/kg in the finished feed.
DON: A tricky mycotoxin to deal with What would a high level of DON contamination mean for piglets? Swine are the most sensitive among the animal species. Many types of mycotoxins, including DON, can cause negative effects on the health and performance of swine. High levels of DON in piglet diets can cause a decrease in the intake or a complete refusal of a feed, vomiting, digestive disorders and/or a decrease in the average daily weight gain. The early life period of piglets is very important for the maturation of the intestinal tract, immune system, and microbiota development. From the moment they are born, piglets are highly susceptible to infections because of their immature immune system and higher gut permeability. DON is known to negatively impact the immune system. The immune response can be divided into two types: innate (rapid, but not specific – involving immune and non-immune cells, such as epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, or dendritic cells) and acquired or adaptive (specific, but slow – after vaccination – involving immune cells, especially lymphocytes). Mucosal immunity, which consists of an innate and adaptive immune response, can be affected by DON. Several studies have indicated that DON can increase the permeability of the porcine intestinal epithelial layer and affect the viability and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Practically speaking, this means that low levels of DON have been shown to increase susceptibility to pathogens, reactivate chronic disease, cause vaccination failure and can be a predisposal factor for swine respiratory disease. DON, like most mycotoxins, has a prooxidant effect and can induce oxidative stress in cells, thus causing different problems in the organs of animals. The levels of antioxidants (vitamins C, E, superoxide dismutase (TSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the blood of piglets can decrease due to mycotoxins in feeds. Interestingly, even low level of mycotoxins can decrease the levels of antioxidants in the blood of piglets.
▶ MYCOTOXINS | NOVEMBER 2021
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