and look for broken or damaged grain, which are factors that can be related to the presence of mycotoxin evaluation. They are also available for storage units. Real-time analysis cannot stop mycotoxins and fungi from further developing, but they can help assess grain quality so end users can determine whether it is fit for consumption. Sensor technology can also be used for real-time analysis in feed plants to speed up commodity screening. Luciano Pinotti, a feed evaluation specialist at the University of Milan, worked closely with a large cereal company to evaluate this concept. “We were able to demonstrate that actually, the electronic nose is able to distinguish when some mycotoxins are present instead of absent,” says Pinotti. “Of course, there is a lot of work that we need to do in order to train the instrument.” “Once the method is validated, it’s going to be user-friendly method,” adds Cheli. “But before you have a lot of work in or- der to find the samples, to elaborate [on] the huge amount of data, and you need a lot of expertise in statistical analysis.”
Alternative methods Grain contamination can occur where insects and
microorganisms are present. Preventing infestations of rodents and birds, as well as insects, in storage facilities can, therefore, help mitigate future issues. To do this, many growers rely on products such as phosphine and essential oils. Other methods that help mitigate mycotoxin development include the use of mould inhibitors, including acidifiers such as organic acids, antioxidants, or essential oils. Grain aeration, movement and ventilation will keep microclimates that are at risk for mycotoxin development from developing. When infected grain is identified, it needs to be removed not only from the storage unit, but also from the feed supply chain.
Pre-harvest prevention Real-time monitoring systems don’t simply improve the quality of storage and reduce losses. They also reduce workforce and labour intensity. Mycotoxin mitigation, however, is a year-round process, which is why the researchers’ paper includes a comprehensive list of strategies that starts with pre-harvest prevention, and includes strategies for harvest, feed mill operations and transportation, as well as storage. “To do everything is probably too much, but we have to implement what we have,” Pinotti concludes.
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▶ MYCOTOXINS | NOVEMBER 2021
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