16


Particle Characterisation


Figure 8: Particle size distribution of carbon black measured using the Litesizer DLS.


Figure 6: Particle size (a) and shape (b) analysis of conventional and spheronized graphite measured by dynamic image analysis using the Litesizer DIA.


Carbon-based cathodic additives, such as carbon black and graphite, exhibit consistently negative zeta potentials across the entire pH range investigated. In contrast, lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) particles display a positive zeta potential at pH values below 4. At pH levels between 6 and 7, all components acquire suffi ciently negative zeta potentials, promoting electrostatic repulsion and thereby minimising the likelihood of particle aggregation within the electrode slurry.


Figure 9: pH dependence of zeta potential for carbon black, graphite, and LCO.


Figure 10: Zeta potential as a function of pH for a polypropylene battery separator (green triangles) and a ceramic-coated battery separator (blue diamonds), measured using the SurPASS 3 streaming potential technique.


Figure 7: Volume-based particle size distribution of LCO cathode material measured using the Litesizer DIF.


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