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AIR MONITORING 37 A new STAR performer in Earth Observation missions


The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has announced the launch of the new ‘STAR’ facility to aid UK and global Earth Observation missions, providing calibrated and characterised climate quality measurements.


STAR-cc-OGSE, which stands for Spectroscopically Tuneable Absolute Radiometric, calibration and characterisation, Optical Ground Support Equipment, is a vital piece to the climate monitoring puzzle, conceived at NPL, to provide innovative solutions to the pre-flight calibration of satellite instruments. The facility provides a state-of-the-art solution to instrument calibration and characterisation, ensuring the needed performance is achieved while also minimising the time and effort involved in the pre-launch vacuum test environment. In essence the facility combines together in a single transportable package, the contents of NPL’s radiometric calibration capabilities which normally occupy three laboratories at the Teddington site.


The STAR facility is the result of a partnership between the Scottish Laser company M-squared lasers and NPL and whilst designed to meet the demanding needs of climate and environmental monitoring, its flexibility, comprehensiveness and ease of use makes it suitable for a wide range of applications. These attributes make it possible to enhance the performance of missions previously thought prohibited to undertake such end to end calibration and characterisation, due to cost and complexity including the cube-sats of new space providers.


The STAR-cc-OGSE is fully traceable to NPL’s primary radiometric standard, the cryogenic radiometer, and can provide unprecedented uncertainties well below 0.5% across a wide spectral region. The first mission that will utilise the STAR-cc-OGSE is the CNES/UK microsatellite – MicroCarb, a mission designed to measure greenhouse gases.


This mission’s scientific objective is to monitor and characterise carbon dioxide (CO2 and the vegetation). CO2


Better knowledge of the flux in CO2 ) surface fluxes, that is the exchanges between the sources (natural or anthropogenic) and the sinks (the ocean, the land


is the greenhouse gas with the highest contribution to climate change. As its concentration in the atmosphere has increased, the mean temperature at Earth surface has increased by nearly 1 ºC in the last 100 years. Although this may seem small, it is important to note this is the mean temperature and its continued increase is resulting in rising sea levels resulting in coastal and low-level land loss and is likely to lead to ever more unusual weather events.


is needed to understand the annual cycle of vegetation and its response to meteorological anomalies. It is also important that terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks and sources can be identified and quantified and how they evolve or change as a result of climate variation. The mission will also measure the links between carbon emissions and fossil fuel use.


NPL, as the UK’s National Metrology Institute is underpinning the measurements provided by Microcarb, providing traceability and confidence in the outputs of the mission – a vital tool in the UK’s efforts towards greenhouse gas monitoring.


The outputs that the MicroCarb and future missions such as the UK-led TRUTHS mission provide require robust calibration and this is the role of the state-of-the-art STAR-cc-OGSE facility, Dr Paul Green, Science Area Leader, Climate and Earth Observation, NPL, stated “being able to accurately quantify the global carbon cycle, the anthropogenic contribution to it and the response of the natural environment is crucial to international efforts to manage a sustainable planet. Missions like MicroCarb provide the data needed to understand these complex interactions and the efficacy of implemented policy. However, the data collected from orbit needs to be accurate and trustable which can only be assured by innovative facilities anchored to internationally recognised standards, the SI.”


Professor Nigel Fox, NPL Fellow, who conceived the TRUTHS mission said of this “the concepts embedded in the STAR facility were established more than three decades ago and have in part been exploited for some time in the US space sector. However, until recent innovations from a UK laser company it has not been possible to create a transportable turn-key facility such as STAR that can deliver SI-traceability at unprecedented accuracies in space representative environments at customer facilities. It is also worth noting that the concepts in STAR are in essence those that will be built directly on-board the TRUTHS satellite allowing SI-Traceability in space.”


STAR-cc-OGSE was funded by the National Measurement System, an important part of the UK’s scientific infrastructure, which is responsible for stimulating good measurement practice and enabling UK business to make accurate and traceable measurements for the benefit of the nation, and in this case the globe in the fight against climate change.


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First flight model IR detectors delivered to Airbus for weather satellite mission


Lynred, a design and manufacturer of high-quality infrared technologies for aerospace, defense and commercial markets, announces the delivery of the first flight model IR detectors to Airbus Defence and Space for the MetOP- SG project, a next-generation weather satellite mission.


Developed by Airbus under the responsibility of the Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR – German Aerospace Center)


funded by the German Federal Ministry of Transport, the three flight units of the innovative METimage weather instrument will be onboard the MetOp-Second Generation satellites; the first of which is scheduled to launch in 2023.


Lynred will deliver two infrared (IR) detectors: SMWIR (short- and mid-wavelength) and LVWIR (long- and very long-wavelength), for integration in the METimage instrument.


This multispectral imaging radiometers instrument will generate information about clouds, aerosols, the Earth’s surface and their respective temperatures in 20 channels, from visible to infrared wavelengths (443 nanometers to 13.3 micrometers). Lynred’s IR detectors will cover 13 of the 20 channels: seven channels in the short- and mid-wavelengths with the SMWIR detector, six in the long- and very long-wavelengths with the LVWIR one.


The large number of channels is necessary to feed the predictive models, so that they can generate the required meteorological information.


The selection of Lynred for the METimage instrument is due to its high-level expertise and capability to design, produce and deliver space-grade IR detectors within the specified timeframes.


“Lynred is very proud to deliver these two flights models, given the challenging context of this program: a demanding schedule together with requirements for exceptionally high-level performance, particularly for the long wavelength range IR detectors,” said Philippe Chorier, space business development manager at Lynred. “Our continued success in delivering products of space-grade quality to meet the high expectations of space equipment makers is the result of having extensive experience working in space applications, high-level IR designs and proven manufacturing expertise from SWIR up to the VLWIR range. Customers building space equipment can rely on us.”


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