the HESC pilot project is complete, a full-scale gasification plant incorporating CCS will be used to make the hydrogen production process more sustainable. Hydrogen produced from coal combined with CCS is sometimes referred to as ‘purple’ hydrogen, a close relative of ‘blue’ hydrogen produced on a steam methane reformer (SMR) fitted with CCS.
CCS from Steam Methane Reforming
The production of ammonia, as part of the urea fertilizer value chain, is the largest consumer of hydrogen, accounting for approximately 50% of the world’s hydrogen demand. These plants use SMR for hydrogen production. SMRs are also used on crude oil refineries and methanol plants to produce hydrogen.
The most compatible CO2 gases is a system that involves absorbing CO2
capture technology for the SMR off- in an amine-based
chemical and then heating the amine in the second stripping tower to yield a high purity CO2
that would be emitted without CCS. gas stream. The gases emitted to
the atmosphere from the absorber contain only circa 10% of the CO2
In many countries, emissions of the three main greenhouse gases (CO2
, methane, and nitrous oxide) are reported to environmental authorities to ensure that the integrated SMR and CCS facilities are operating within its consent levels. Stephen Gibbons, Global Market Manager, Continuous Gas Analysers at ABBs Measurement & Analytics Division, states that “these IR- and UV- active gases can be measured on Uras26 and Limas21 continuous gas analyser modules which can be incorporated into our Advance Optima system”.
The impact of carbon dioxide purity In CCS schemes, the distribution process compresses CO2
Gibson Island Ammonia, Urea and CO2 that any potential CO2
Carbon Capture and purification plant, Brisbane Australia leak does not pose a health and safety risk. so
that it can be transported in long-distance pipelines before being injected into suitable geological structures deep underground. These are highly valuable assets that must be protected. One of the most important criteria is the amount of moisture permitted in the pipeline. Water combined with CO2
produces carbolic
acid that would corrode the grades of steel used to construct gas pipelines.
Inert and incondensable gases such as argon, nitrogen, or methane increase the power demand of the gas compression
process. Furthermore, they do not shrink in the same way as CO2 when compressed and take up disproportionately large amounts of valuable storage space.
The safety of the public is also of paramount importance. CO2 intended for CCS may contain trace levels of toxic chemicals such as
CO, NOx , or SOx . Operators can monitor their concentrations to ensure
ABB’s Gibbons points out that “many of the chemicals that must be monitored in carbon capture and storage are the same ones that are present in the environmental emissions monitoring application and our UV or IR based gas analyser technologies or the broad-spectrum ACF5000 FTIR can play vital roles in CCS gas purity analysis. With an installed base of many thousands of continuous emissions monitoring gas analysers worldwide we are confident that end-users will find highly reliable solutions for their CCS gas analysis requirements from our range of continuous gas analysers.”
A need for custody-transfer and accurate gas metering
Most existing CCS schemes are point to point, meaning that one carbon capture location, such as an ammonia plant SMR, is connected to one underground geological CO2
This simple model will transition to more complex ‘hub and cluster’ schemes where CO2
and fed into a feeder network connected to a long-distance transmission pipeline that will mirror the existing natural gas pipeline grids.
A leading example of this concept is CarbonNet. It aims to storage location. will be captured from several plants
establish a commercial-scale CCS network in Victoria, Australia. The network will deliver CO2
of the HESC project and existing fertilizer plants. The main CO2 transmission pipeline will be more than 100 km long, with a 10 km offshore leg extending into the Bass Strait. CarbonNet has the potential to capture five million tonnes of CO2
captured from a range of industries based in Victoria’s Latrobe Valley as the future commercial phase
per year,
giving it a similar scale to the Gorgon CCS project off the coast of Western Australia.
One of the implications of this network concept is the change of CO2
flow. Furthermore, the CO2 gas purity will
need to be confirmed before it can enter the highly valuable transmission infrastructure.
“These concepts replicate current natural gas distribution grid operations where regular gas analysis and flow metering also
take place” says Gibbons. “This requires extremely accurate CO2 flow measurement and gas purity analysis. ABB process GCs, such as those in the NGC 8200 series, have been used for fiscal monitoring and custody transfer in natural gas pipelines for many years and they can be applied to CCS applications.”
ownership as it flows from the feeder pipelines to the main transmission pipeline. It is likely to be invoiced based on accurate metering of the CO2
Author Contact Details Stephen B. Harrison. sbh4 GmbH • Kranzlstraße 21, 82538 Geretsried, Germany • Tel: +49 (0)8171 24 64 954 • Email:
sbh@sbh4.de • Web:
www.sbh4.de
WWW.ENVIROTECH-ONLINE.COM AET ANNUAL BUYERS’ GUIDE 2021
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