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Taking the Strain out of Cancer Diagnostics


Rainin electronic pipettes are helping California-based Clarient Diagnostic Services, Inc to provide cancer diagnostic testing. Flow cytometry supervisor Brian Ngo explained: “Our laboratory uses flow cytometry to detect specific biomarkers that help to diagnose leukaemia, and this involves pipetting microlitre volumes of antibodies and samples. When you are doing a lot of pipetting, user comfort is very important and so we decided to invest in electronic, rather than manual, pipettes.”


“We looked at the various options available, and chose Rainin E4 XLS single channel pipettes because they are ergonomically designed and very easy to hold. They are also quite intuitive to use – changing the volume is very straightforward – with the benefit of a large LCD screen. There are advantages from a GLP perspective too, as the programmed volume ranges can be password protected – preventing them from being inadvertently altered – and particular features locked down or hidden. The pipettes are very dependable and, as they can operate accurately over a range of volumes – unlike the manual pipettes we were using before – we have been able to reduce the number of pipettes in the lab from over 100 to about 10, significantly decreasing our calibration costs.”


42117pr@reply-direct.com ADVERTORIAL Non-Porous Reference Electrodes for pH Measurement and Control of Brines


Chlorine gas is produced in a membrane cell chlor-alkali process. Saturated brine is introduced into a high voltage electrolysis cell where chloride ions are oxidised to chlorine gas at the anode. To optimise yield while minimising corrosion damage to the expensive electrolysis membrane cell, brine pH must be carefully controlled between pH 2.00 and pH 4.00 by the addition of HCl.


REFEX Advert IET Jan v2.qxp_Layout 1 02/02/2017 11:04 Page 1 REFEX sensors ltd TM pH “The First to Last”


REFEX manufacture a variety of pH sensor types, for many industrial processes and for general purpose applications


• Fast and Accurate Measurement • Very Low Drift – virtually maintenance free • Exceptionally Long Life - up to 5 years in many cases • Compatible with Existing pH Instruments • Resistant to Fouling and Poisoning • Free Sample - Try It, Buy It - Free 90 Day Trial, No Obligation


Depleted brine from the cell is re-saturated with salt in a recirculation system for reuse over and over again. After leaving the electrolysis cell, the pH of the brine is adjusted to between 10 and 12 so that impurities in the brine (such as metals and sulphates) can be removed by precipitation. pH measurement and control by the addition of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is critical throughout the process.


The challenges of reliably measuring pH in brine applications is severe. KCl is typically used in pH probe reference junctions because the equivalent conductance of a Potassium ion (K+) and a Chloride ion (Cl-) are almost the same. The equivalent conductance of a Sodium ion is much less, a Hydronium ion much higher, causing significant asymmetry potentials in the electronic circuit. This leads to measurement error and accelerated KCl diffusion across the electrode junction. Chlorinated brine pH is measured close to the electrolysis cell electrodes where very high electrical currents are present. These currents cause ground loops in the pH measurement circuit, creating offsets and shortening electrode life. In short, pH measurement in the process using traditional electrodes quickly becomes sluggish and inaccurate, causing waste of pH correction chemicals and impacting plant performance and yield.


REFEX pH and ORP electrodes - Non-porous reference interface


Please contact us - email info@refexsensors.com, call +353 (0)98 50034 or visit www.refexsensors.com


REFEX™ SENSORS LTD Unit 7, Section D, Westport Industrial Estate, Westport, Co. Mayo, Ireland


8092ad@reply-direct.com


The solution to these problems is a pH probe using a Refex Solid-State NON- POROUS reference interface - an electrochemically active, ionically conductive interface that forms an impenetrable barrier between the process brine from the Ag/AgCl electrode in 2.8 mol /l KCl electrolyte. Non-porous Refex Electrodes are immune to KCl loss/diffusion, ground-Loop currents (a liquid Earth should always be used) and to fouling and poisoning.


The Refex/pH and Refex ORP combined electrodes are the only ones that can withstand all Chlor-Alkali application challenges. The Patented NON-POROUS reference interface has solved all the problems of the past.


Refex – the First to Last. 40230pr@reply-direct.com


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