FEATURE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS
ADVANCED DRIVER SYSTEMS: THE ROAD AHEAD
Bee Hayes-Thakore, Product Marketing Manager for ARM Cortex-A Processors and Lauri Ora, Functional Safety Manager at ARM Holdings explore the options for meeting the needs of future ADAS
safety standards. ISO 26262 has a concept of safety element out of context (SEooC), which can be used for any design element for which the final application is not known.
SUPPORTING FUNCTIONAL SAFETY Since IP designs can be integrated into designs targeting a wide range of applications, the features in IP designs supporting functional safety can be fairly generic. For example in ARM CPU designs, typical mechanisms for fault detection and control include memory error detection and correction logic. Processors targeted for real-time control applications, such as the Cortex-R5 and Cortex-M7 processors also have the capability to operate in a lock- step configuration, where the processor logic is duplicated to provide a high diagnostic coverage for the basic logic. To support functional safety, ARM has
urrent driver assist solutions provide mechanisms for warning the driver of potential hazards and threats. Driver warning systems such as lane detection and departure warning, parking assist, emergency braking are evolving future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to include more command and control tasks that actively support co-piloting functions in the vehicle, eventually leading to autonomous vehicles. These evolved capabilities use a myriad of sensors including radar and video to actively observe the environment. All of these inputs need to be processed on the vehicle. This processing drives the compute requirements much higher, demanding a greater role of application processors, such as the industry- leading ARM Cortex-A processors. Today, premium cars have hundreds of processors on board utilising tens of millions of lines of code. In recent years, application processors have increasingly been designed into in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) solutions as consumers expect all our experiences to be as rich and immersive as those we are used to on our smartphones and tablets. Richer, more functional IVI solutions have become a key differentiator for automotive manufacturers. Further on from IVI, automotive manufacturers have new
C 18 JUNE 2015 | ELECTRONICS Figure 1:
Future ADAS features, and features supporting autonomous operation of vehicles are going to be transformative in redefining driver safety and the in-car experience
opportunities to introduce next-generation highly automated ADAS systems to provide greater levels of safety by shifting the focus to collision avoidance.
FUNCTIONAL SAFETY Functional safety standards such as ISO 26262 for automotive, and IEC 61508 for general safety-related designs include requirements for the management of functional safety, overall design and verification processes, as well as guidance for mechanisms for fault detection and control. The key goal of functional safety standards is to increase the likelihood that the designed and commissioned systems work as specified, and react in pre-defined ways whenever the system fails either due to a random hardware fault or systematic fault. This is obviously a key area for future autonomous vehicles, and all future automotive system designs with safety requirements are expected to follow the ISO 26262. Semiconductor intellectual property (IP), such as re-usable CPU designs from ARM, can also include mechanisms for fault detection and control. These mechanisms are often applicable for functional safety applications, and should be designed and verified to meet the goals of the functional
defined a set of standardised documents which will include information about the IP which is relevant to safety-related designs. Each ARM IP with functional safety support will therefore have its own set of documents. Semiconductor vendors can use the ARM documentation to support their design, and to create SoC or MCU specific safety documentation. Documentation can also support functional safety assessments of the integrated SoC or MCU designs. Behind the safety documentation, there are further activities to address technical challenges on ways in which faults can be detected and controlled in complex designs at run-time. Future systems may also need to address availability requirements, and this poses novel challenges to IP based designs. In development process terms, the focus is on critical evaluation of best practices and continuous improvement. Future ADAS features, and features supporting autonomous operation of vehicles are going to be transformative in redefining driver safety and the in-car experience. To make this happen, auto- makers need to address requirements of greater on vehicle performance in environments with power and thermal constraints. Collaboration between the entire industry from semiconductor IP and SoC manufacturers to auto-makers is key.
ARM
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Enter 205 / ELECTRONICS
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