Generally speaking, in practice, the cheaper the sand in all- sand slits, the less suitable it is for good drainage


water within a uniform soil to discharge into a pipe system is defined by applying the following notation to the above formula:


S = distance between pipes


h = depth of pipes (or depth at which the permeable back-fill over the pipes meets a different soil)


4 = a constant


K = hydraulic conductivity of the in-situ soil


V = designed drainage capacity D) Applying the formula for sand-slits


When applied to the slits of an inter- connecting sand and/or sand-gravel matrix, the same equation requires the notations:


S = distance water travels laterally in the slits to reach discharge


h = depth of slit 4 = a constant


K = hydraulic conductivity of slit back- fill material


V = designed drainage capacity which needs to be adjusted by the fraction of the width of slits in proportion to the distance between them, ie


V = width of slit Distance between slits Appendix 3


The sizes and surface areas of soil particles


Particle Diameter Approx Surface type (mm)


Very coarse 2.00 1.00 90 sand


Coarse sand


Medium sand


Fine sand


1.00 0.50 700


number area of particles particles per gram in 1g


10 20 0.50 0.25 6,000 50 0.25 0.10 50,000 100


Very fine 0.10 0.05 750,000 250 sand


Silt Clay 0.05 0.002 6,000,000 500


less than 0.002


90,000m 8,000,000


Note the huge difference in size between clay and other particles.


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