Coal prices (USD per GJ) Source: IMF, 2017
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
VAT
Vehicle externalities Local pollution Global warming Supply cost Consumer price
2
Diesel road (USD per litre) Source: IMF, 2017
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
VAT
Vehicle externalities Local pollution Global warming Supply cost Consumer price
3
Gasoline road (USD per litre) Source: IMF, 2017
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
4
2 Coal subsidies 3 Diesel subsidies 4 Gasoline subsidies 5 Fossil fuel subsidies in Asia 6 CO2
emission reductions 7 100 per cent transition to renewable energy 8 Benefits from 100 per cent renewable energy transition
68 FUTURARC VAT
Vehicle externalities Local pollution Global warming Supply cost Consumer price
Fossil fuel subsidies in Asia (% of GDP)
Source: IMF, 2017
14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
Fossil Fuel Subsidies (post-tax)
Electricity Natural gas Coal
Petroleum
5
China India Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand
China India Indonesia Malaysia Philippines China India Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Singapore Thailand
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