Water / Wastewater 19 FFA Dosing
Once the decision has been made to begin using FFA, the primary focus shifts to establishing the optimal dosage. Usually FFAs are fed undiluted into feedwater through an automatic pump. When introducing FFA for the fi rst time, it is recommended to start at a low dosage and gradually increase to the target dosage, which typically takes a minimum of 3 to 4 weeks. FFA/FFAP exert a moderate cleaning effect that can lift particulate deposits of iron and/or copper oxides within the system. These deposits should be monitored to assess the FFA cleaning period duration. The effect of the FFA dosage on the iron and copper must be compared to corrosion product control guidance published in the applicable boiler technical manual. Determining dosage levels should occur in conjunction with the chemical supplier to ensure that the product is compatible with the conditions and materials within the system. It is commonly found that no FFA will be detected in the condensate phase initially as the FFA will bond to the metal surfaces and not be freely circulating.
must be kept to a minimum when obtaining water samples. This means limiting sample transfer to a single container if possible; samples should be cooled to prevent fl ashing; sample lines should be fl ushed thoroughly before sampling; and sampling points should be representative of the system.
FFA Analysis
The two most common test methods for FFAs are methyl orange extraction and xanthene dye reaction. The methyl orange extraction method makes use of an organic solvent to extract the FFA to form a colored complex with the methyl orange. The xanthene reaction method utilizes a class of dyes (represented by Rose Bengal) that form a water-soluble colored complex with FFA. The FFA concentration is proportional to color intensity in both test methods. Commercially available test kits often express results in terms of common FFAs like ODA. For best accuracy, it is recommended that analysts determine a correction factor to express results in terms of the product specifi c FFA. Test kits that tolerate interference from ammonia or short chain amines and offer a wide measurement range to avoid dilution steps are preferable. Dilution can lead to a loss of FFA during sample transfer from one vessel to another which may affect test results.
CHEMetrics offers a Methyl Orange Filming Amine visual test kit, Cat. No K-1001, that can be used to verify residual FFA in a system in 3 minutes. This kit utilizes a unique extraction technique which eliminates several steps required in other procedures and provides increased sensitivity while limiting the extraction to a single extraction tube preventing FFA loss. If necessary, the measurement range can be extended by performing a dilution in the extraction tube provided in the test kit. Test results are expressed in ppm ODA. The color comparator increments are: 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.25, 0.50,1.0 ppm. Technical Support is available for customers who require assistance establishing a FFA correction factor.
FFA Sampling
Testing for FFA offers unique challenges as well. Since FFAs adhere to metallic, glass, and plastic surfaces, surface contact
For more information, refer to the CHEMetrics K-1001 Product webpage at:
https://www.chemetrics.com/product/fi lming- amine- aliphatic-amine-visual-test-kits/
Author Contact Details CHEMetrics Inc. • 4295 Catlett Road, Midland, VA 22728, USA • Tel+800 356 3072 • Email:
technical@chemetrics.com • Web:
www.chemetrics.com
References
1. Hater, Wolfgang; Film_Forming Amines: An Innovative Technology for Boiler Water Treatment; The Analyst (Volume 22 Number 4)
2. The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam; Technical Guidance Document: Application of Film Forming Amines in Fossil, Combined Cycle, and Biomass Power Plants; Sept. 2016.
3. Odar, Suat; Use of fi lm forming amines (FFA) in nuclear power plants for lay-up and power operation; Advanced Nuclear Technology International, Sweden, Dec. 2017.
4. CHEMetrics Inc.; Version 4, Jun 2013, Film Amine (aliphatic amine) Methyl Orange Method Technical Data Sheet, Midland VA.
5. ASTM International, 1980, ASTM D 2327- 80, Mono- and Dioctadecylamines in Water, West Conshohocken, PA.
Cloud-based water intelligence software platform increases water quality insight, stability, usability and scalability for agricultural, industrial and municipal sectors
Addressing global water management issues, KETOS Inc., have announced enhancements to its award-winning, cloud-based KETOS Smart Water Intelligence Platform. Key updates include improved user experience and workfl ow management, greater fl exibility to confi gure customer-specifi c instances, scalability to support larger concurrent users numbers, the ability to handle larger data sets, and more sophisticated analytics and reporting capabilities.
Bringing water intelligence to customers across agriculture, industrial and municipal operations, KETOS combines software, hardware, and predictive analytics to automate water monitoring and testing. The holistic solution helps solve water effi ciency and quality challenges with real-time data and mission-critical insights.
Measuring over 25 water quality parameters, KETOS offers water operators a fully integrated solution with intelligent hardware, stable connectivity infrastructure, an interactive software platform, and actionable data.
“Our latest update will empower users to make impactful decisions faster regarding the quality of water. Customers will experience improved ease of use including simplifi ed data, increased reporting, and analytics as well as further security features,” said Meena Sankaran, CEO & Founder of KETOS. “Providing real-time water intelligence is imperative to solving some of the world’s greatest water challenges and protecting generations to come.”
KETOS Smart Water Analytics enhancements support operational stability and business continuity efforts across its customers, offering predictive maintenance with zero labour hours required for water operators. Users now have access to improved graphical view enhancements, instant notifi cations, enhanced calendar-based test scheduling, push mobile notifi cations, and more.
The additional updates include vertical-focused analytics including reporting comparisons and correlation between parameters, improved fl exibility and overall user experience, and 24/7 remote support.
“We are continually enhancing features of our platform with active feedback, to help water operators accelerate insights, reduce costs and demonstrate real ROI from day one,” said Jeeth Sellamuthu, Head of Software Development at KETOS. “We look forward to enabling our customers to make data-driven decisions that support their water quality operations and sustainability efforts.”
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E-book on water and wastewater analysis solutions
Analytik Jena has published an e-book for water and wastewater analysis. It demonstrates effi cient methods and solutions for a wide range of selected routine and special applications. The e-book focuses on some central areas of water and wastewater analysis: In addition to the analysis of TOC/TNb and AOX, elemental analysis, and UV/Vis spectroscopy, the e-book also highlights molecular biological detection solutions.
“Water and wastewater analysis is a crucial component of the actions taken by municipalities and states to continuously improve water recycling processes and to make available water resources safer. It is a key element of environmental monitoring,” says Bernd Bletzinger, team leader of Analytik Jena’s environment industry team. “Our mission is to support customers worldwide with instruments and solutions to improve their services and processes and, thus, sustainably increase the quality of environment and life. This e-book was created by us following this intention.”
The new e-book highlights both methodological and technological ways to meet the current challenges in water and wastewater analysis. Today, the entire fi eld of environmental analysis is facing steadily increasing numbers of samples, challenging sample matrices as well as dwindling fi nancial and human resources. Analytik Jena particularly addresses these demands with the application examples and solutions demonstrated in the e-book and therewith provides its expertise to all laboratories in the environmental sector.
The e-book “Water and Wastewater Analysis” marks the start of Analytik Jena’s new environmental campaign, which bundles the Company’s many years of experience and expertise in environmental analysis.
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