25
Targeted and Non-Targeted Analysis of Contaminants in Storm Water Retention Ponds Using LC-HRMS and Online Solid Phase Extraction
Gordon Getzinger1 , P. Lee Ferguson1 , Jonathan Beck2 1Duke University, Durham, NC USA, 2 4ThermoScientific, Villebon sur Yvette, France, 5 , Charles Yang2 , Frans Schoutsen3 , Claudia P.B. Martins4
Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA USA, 3 ThermoScientific, Runcorn, UK
, Tony Edge5 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Breda, The Netherlands,
Separations are often demonstrated using clean solutions, and as a result do not always reflect real world samples which come with many challenges associated with them, either due to the complex matrix components, or where some form of pre-concentration is required to allow for detection of the analyte at very low levels. When analysing environmental water samples both of these challenges are present and so the use of hyphenated technology to allow the online solid phase extraction coupled to HPLC-HRMS (High Resolution Mass Spectrometry) allows for both selectivity and sensitivity, with enhanced selectivity being provided by the use of HRMS.
The coupling of mass spectrometry to LC is now a routine operation but in the early days, the hyphenating of these two technologies was not considered a simple process, with many different approaches attempted with little success. John Fenn [1], who subsequently won a Nobel prize for his work in this area, found a universally accepted approach to the removal of liquid and ionisation of the analyte molecules. The introduction of the electrospray revolutionised mass spectrometry and has lead to this technology becoming routine in many laboratories across the world [2-6].
It has also led to an increase in the develop- ment of mass spectrometry and in particular in the field of high resolution where the introduction of the OrbitrapTM
technology
has allowed for incredible resolution of nominally isobaric compounds without the requirement of a FT-ICRMS technology [7]. It has also led to the possibility of performing a screening method for a very wide range of compounds, without the limitations that face more specific technology such as tandem mass spectrometry where a compromise has to be maintained between the number of compounds and the sensitivity of the instrument to those compounds.
Within environmental monitoring, one area of concern is the overuse of agrochemicals,
Figure 1. Aerial view of Kiawah Island, SC. Water collection ponds, shown in blue, are connected as indicated by the red lines.
Table 1. Sample sites and descriptions of potential sources of micropollutants to those sites
Sample Site Pond 5 Pond 25 Pond 43
Inputs
Golf course runoff Golf course runoff
Residential storm water
Wastewater treatment plant lagoon (WWTP) Treated municipal wastewater Wastewater composite (WW Comp.) Well 1 Well 7
24 hr composite effluent Infiltration from pond 25 Infiltration from pond 5
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