164 H. Duffy et al.


FIG. 2 Turtle sightings reported in Cambodia during 2005–2015 for all species combined, originally mapped on a 1 × 1 km grid (adapted from McNamara et al., 2015).


TABLE 2 Output from the Cambodian marine turtle threat-ranking exercise conducted as part of the provincial consultations in 2015 (Table 1), focusing on prioritization of the most significant threats to marine turtles.


Rank Kampot & Kep 1


2 3 4 5


Koh Kong


Fishing: trawl, both legal & illegal Development: especially construction Fishing: hook


Habitat degradation Fishing: purse seine, both legal & illegal


Fishing: trawl, both legal & illegal Fishing: hook


Habitat degradation Fishing: crab net Pollution


between legal authorities and fishing communities (e.g. related to prompt bycatch reporting and the explanation of relevant legislation). Participants were broadly aware of ex- isting legislation related to marine turtles but indicated that lowcompliance influenced its effectiveness in practice.As the sale of turtle meat is more profitable than the average daily catch ofmany fishers, participants suggested the implementa- tion of a financial incentive not to catch and sell turtles. Although an extensive stakeholder analysis was carried


out prior to engagement, when considering the results of the provincial assessment it is important to note the signifi- cant gender imbalance, with women comprising ,10%of participants. This demonstrates a bias in the purposive sampling used to identify participants, with inadequate efforts having been made to encourage the participation of women, which means that the views of women are unlike- ly to have been captured sufficiently.


Nesting beach surveys


Interviews in Koh Tang in 2011–2012 confirmed five sight- ings of hawksbill nesting across two beaches, with both


Preah Sihanouk


Fishing: trawl, both legal & illegal Fishing: hook Pollution


Development: especially construction Habitat degradation


nesting adults and eggs observed. Eggs had been reportedly collected at the site for consumption for a number of years. The surveyors did not collect any data from the sighted nests, so the number of eggs or hatching success rates are unknown. In the 2016 assessment, the nesting beach surveys did not


lead to any nest detections. The interviewees reported heavy harvesting of eggs and turtles in the 1970s and 1980s, with the last significant nesting observed in the 1990s. However, interviews with community members indicated that beaches in Koh Seh and Koh Thmey in Preah Sihanouk province and Koh Smach, Poy Japon and the mainland beaches opposite Koh Krousa in Koh Kong should be future survey priorities, as there were anecdotal reports of recent nesting. In 2018–2022, further beach surveys in Koh Kras, Koh


Tang, Koh Torteung and Koh Kong Krav (Koh Kong prov- ince) revealed no evidence of nesting, although the sur- veyors observed that these beaches appeared to be severely affected by marine plastic pollution. However, in February 2022 a Fauna & Flora visit to a remote Cambodian offshore island opportunistically recorded one green turtle nest with


Oryx, 2023, 57(2), 160–170 © Fauna & Flora International, 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605322000862


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140