268 N. M. Shwe et al.


FIG. 2 The predicted probabilities of the occurrence of three large carnivore species based on the best fitting (most parsimonious) logistic regression models, with 95% CIs, showing the influence of: (a) distance to nearest village on the tiger Panthera tigris, (b) number of gaur Bos gaurus on the tiger, (c) forest area on the leopard Panthera pardus, and (d) number of wild pigs Sus scrofa on the dhole Cuon alpinus.


TABLE 4 Estimates of the coefficients derived from the best fitting logistic regression of detection/non-detection for each predator, with standard errors and 95% CIs, and model evaluation using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).


Species/variables Tiger


Intercept


Distance to village Gaur


Leopard Intercept


Forest area Dhole


Intercept Wild pig


Estimate ± SE 95% CI


−7.37 ± 0.37 −8.19–−6.73 0.62–3.44


1.91 ± 0.70 1.65 ± 0.62


2.34 ± 1.01 0.59–2.97 0.68


−6.99 ± 0.33 −7.76–−6.42 0.71–4.73


0.70


−6.60 ± 0.24 −7.09–−6.15 0.53 ± 0.41 −0.27–1.35


et al., 2013). Primates are predominately arboreal and were therefore not recorded by our camera traps. Banded langur Presbytis femoralis, dusky langur Trachypithecus obscurus, northern pig-tailed macaque Macaca leonina and stump- tailed macaque Macaca arctoides have been frequently re- corded in the survey area (Grindley, 2019).


AUC 0.85


There is considerable uncertainty regarding the covari-


ates that correlate with dhole presence. Dholes are more widespread than the other two large carnivores in our survey area and are highly correlated with the presence of wild pigs, which were recorded in every habitat type, including dense forest, degraded forest, forest near plantations and private farmland near forest. The other large prey species could also be important for dholes as the total number of prey (which includes barking deer and wild pig, the most com- mon species) was one of the covariates in the second best model for this species. Dholes tend to select large prey, but in our study area they appear to select prey such as wild pigs and barking deer, perhaps indicating the scarcity of large ungulates (i.e. sambar; Karanth & Sunquist, 1995). When sambar are common, they are found in high propor- tions in dhole diets (Kamler et al., 2012; Charaspet et al., 2019), but they were uncommon in our study area (detected only in nine locations), perhaps because of hunting. This suggests that wild pigs are a particularly important and widespread prey species for dholes in the study area. Unsurprisingly, gaur did not appear to be an important prey for dholes, perhaps because of the presence of tigers. Gaur were distributed over a small range (detected in 27


Oryx, 2023, 57(2), 262–271 © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321001654


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