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The review identified few published articles for both medical and pharmacy trainee involvement in AS. There are likely more activities that medical and pharmacy trainees perform in AS that have yet to be published. For example, the review did not show any publications that described medical and pharmacy trainees being involved in the more administrative tasks of AS, such as facility-specific guideline and clinical pathway development and/ or review, despite this being a recommended component of AS programs in the guidelines1,3 and an objective for PGY2 infectious diseases pharmacy residencies.34 The lack of publication of the more administrative tasks is likely related to the difficulty in measuring process-based and clinical outcomes. Additionally, all of the publications identified in the search were conducted in acute-care or long-term acute-care settings, with none coming from outpatient AS. The authors encourage more published accounts of the extent of the AS activities of trainees in all health disciplines in all healthcare settings. An unanswered question related to this topic includes the
impact of AS training programs by tracking the AS impact of graduates at their future places of employment. Also, a unique question is to what degree changes in didactic trainee AS edu- cation versus “hands on” AS training (as described in this article) successfully prepare trainees to participate in AS in their careers. Given the worldwide threat of antimicrobial resistance, the
importance of effective AS programs has become paramount. To enact such AS programs, training programs in medicine, pharmacy, and other health professions need to incorporate both AS education and AS activities to ensure that AS principles are followed beyond graduation. Additional documentation of these activities and impact of trainees’ involvement in AS in the published literature is also greatly needed to serve as exemplars for other training programs.
Acknowledgments. Financial support. No financial support was provided relevant to this article.
Conflicts of interest. J.C. has served as a member of the Speakers Bureau for Allergan. All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
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