860 infection control & hospital epidemiology july 2018, vol. 39, no. 7
Address correspondence to Kalisvar Marimuthu, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433 Singapore (
Kalisvar_marimuthu@ttsh.com.sg).
supplementary material To view supplementary material for this article, please visit
https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.101.
references
1. Lamagni TL, Darenberg J, Luca-Harari B, et al. Epidemiology of severe Streptococcus pyogenes disease in Europe. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2359–2367.
2. Walker MJ, Barnett TC, McArthur JD, et al. Disease manifesta- tions and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014;27:264–301.
3. Daneman N, McGeer A, Low DE, et al. Hospital-acquired inva- sive group a streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada, 1992–2000. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:334–342.
4. Kakis A, Gibbs L, Eguia J, et al. An outbreak of group A streptococcal infection among health care workers. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1353–1359.
5. Steer JA, Lamagni T, Healy B, et al. Guidelines for prevention and control of group A streptococcal infection in acute healthcare and maternity settings in the UK. J Infect 2012;64:1–18.
6. Auerbach SB, Schwartz B, Williams D, et al. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infections in a nursing home. Lessons on prevention and control. Arch Intern Med 1992;152: 1017–1022.
7. Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. New Engl J Med 1996;335: 547–554.
8. Harkness GA, Bentley DW, Mottley M, Lee J. Streptococcus pyo- genes outbreak in a long-term care facility. Am J Infect Control 1992;20:142–148.
9. Ruben FL, Norden CW, Heisler B, Korica Y. An outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in a nursing home. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:494–496.
10. Schwartz B, Elliott JA, Butler JC, et al. Clusters of invasive group A streptococcal infections in family, hospital, and nursing home settings. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:277–284.
11. Smith A, Li A, Tolomeo O, Tyrrell GJ, Jamieson F, Fisman D. Mass antibiotic treatment for group A streptococcus outbreaks in two long-term care facilities. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1260–1265.
12. Thigpen MC, Richards CL Jr, Lynfield R, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infection in older adults in long-term care facil- ities and the community, United States, 1998–2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1852–1859.
13. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (M100-S25). Per- formance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twenty-Fifth Informational Supplement. January 2015.
14. Harris SR, Feil EJ, Holden MT, et al. Evolution of MRSA during hospital transmission and intercontinental spread. Science 2010;327:469–474.
15. Holt KE, Baker S, Weill FX, et al. Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe. Nat Genet 2012;44:1056–1059.
16. Athey TB, Teatero S, Li A, Marchand-Austin A, Beall BW, Fittipaldi N. Deriving group A Streptococcus typing information from short-read whole-genome sequencing data. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:1871–1876.
17. Kapatai G, Coelho J, Platt S, Chalker VJ. Whole genome sequencing of group AStreptococcus: development and evaluation of an automated pipeline for emmgene typing. PeerJ 2017;5:e3226.
18. Inouye M, Dashnow H, Raven LA, et al. SRST2: rapid genomic surveillance for public health and hospital microbiology labs. Genome Med 2014;6:90.
19. SteerAC, Law I,Matatolu L,BeallBW,Carapetis
JR.Globalemmtype distribution of group A streptococci: systematic review and implica- tions for vaccine development. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9:611–616.
20. McGregor KF, Spratt BG, Kalia A, et al. Multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus pyogenes representing most known emm types and distinctions among subpopulation genetic structures. J Bacteriol 2004;186:4285–4294.
21. Tewodros W, Kronvall
G.Mprotein gene (emm type) analysis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from Ethiopia reveals unique patterns. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4369–4376.
22. Jordan HT, Richards CL Jr, Burton DC, Thigpen MC, Van Beneden CA. Group a streptococcal disease in long-term care facilities: descriptive epidemiology and potential control measures. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:742–752.
23. Facklam R, Beall B, Efstratiou A, et al. emm typing and validation of provisionalMtypes for group A streptococci. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:247–253.
24. Turner CE, Dryden M, Holden MT, et al. Molecular analysis of an outbreak of lethal postpartum sepsis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:2089–2095.
25. Chalker VJ, Smith A, Al-Shahib A, et al. Integration of genomic and other epidemiologic data to investigate and control a cross-institutional outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:973–980.
26. Engelthaler DM, Valentine M, Bowers J, et al. Hypervirulent emm59 clone in invasive group A Streptococcus outbreak, south- western United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:734–738.
27. Beres SB, Carroll RK, Shea PR, et al. Molecular complexity of successive bacterial epidemics deconvoluted by comparative pathogenomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:4371–4376.
28. Nasser W, Beres SB, Olsen RJ, et al. Evolutionary pathway to increased virulence and epidemic group A Streptococcus disease derived from 3,615 genome sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014;111:E1768–E1776.
29. Turner CE, Abbott J, Lamagni T, et al. Emergence of a new highly successful acapsular group A Streptococcus clade of genotype emm89 in the United Kingdom. mBio 2015;6:e00622.
30. Koser CU, Holden MT, Ellington MJ, et al. Rapid whole-genome sequencing for investigation of a neonatal MRSA outbreak. New Engl J Med 2012;366:2267–2275.
31. Fittipaldi N, Beres SB, Olsen RJ, et al. Full-genome dissection of an epidemic of severe invasive disease caused by a hypervirulent, recently emerged clone of group A Streptococcus. Am J Pathol 2012;180:1522–1534.
32. Feil EJ, Holmes EC, Bessen DE, et al. Recombination within natural populations of pathogenic bacteria: short-term empirical estimates and long-term phylogenetic consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:182–187.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144