Two of the most influencial Groups dur- ing this era were the Black Panther Party and SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordi- nating Committe) The Black Panther Party was found-


ed in 1966 in Oakland Californian by Heuy P. Newton and Bobby Seal. They got world recognition for armed March on California General Assembly on 2 May 1967 against a proposed ban on concealed weapons. They set up chapters through- out the US and had thousands of new re- cruits. They had a 10-point program, and believed the power of the government should be given to the people, built pro- grams in the com - munity s u c h as free


food and clothes, had shootouts with the police, and were victims of of the FBI’s COINTELPRO.


AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE: Kwame Nkrumah, was one of the


most influential pioneers of Pan-African- ism, Kwame led the first West African colonized country to its independence in 1957. He was first ap- pointed as the General Secretary to the Gold Coast (Ghana) in 1947 after working hard to organize a Pan-African Congress. After a year of political activism in


Ghana, he was arrested and sentenced twice for allegedly starting a riot. When he got out of the British colonial prison, he started a movement of boycotts, non- cooperation and civil disobedience. The British faced so much international protest that they had to leave Ghana and Nkrumah became its first Black leader. He paved the


way for other African countries to declare their independence in the 60s.(http://www. answers.com/topic/kwame-nkrumah) Sekou Toure, following Nkruma’s footsteps, pushed the French administra- tion out of Guinea and became the first Black president of the Re- public. He displayed a great sense of Pan- Africanism by making Kwame Nkrumah, the president of another


African country, co-president of Guinea. This alliance was a revolutionary move that scared colonial powers in Africa. With their powers combined, Toure and Kwame aided forces fighting Portuguese colonialism in Guinea-Bissau (a neigh-


boring country). Trivia: Stokely Carmichael renamed himself after the two Pan-African leaders (Kwame and Toure) (http://www.an- swers.com/topic/ahmed-s-kou-tour)


Robert Mugabe is best known for


his recent policy of redistributing land back to the native zimbaweans, which he took back from the decendents of colo- nists. Zimbabwe was known as Rhodesia, and less than 5% of the white population controlled over 80% of the wealth. In the late 1990’s, Britain stopped paying Zimbabwe for


the land the white settlers were occupy- ing. Mugabe later began legislation to seize that land to pay for the british debt. the first seizers began in the early 2000s. In March of 2008, Mugabe passed legis- lation that required all foreign companies in Zimbabwe to have native Zimbabwe- ans make up at least 51% of their own- ership. or they would be prohibited from operating in The Country.


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