Elijah Muhammad was the leader


of the Nation of Islam until his death in 1975. Much like Marcus Garvey, he believed Black people must be separated from whites in order for them to be truly free. They refused to serve in the armed


forces. He lead a massive movement of Black people to peace, prosperity and to a better understanding of themselves having over 700,000 members at its peak. He cleaned black people up from the inside out. Malcolm X was the best example of how his teachings change the hearts and minds of Black people. He built schools in many US states for his people, along with temples, businesses, factories, farms, housing complexes. He taught Black to love and respect other black people and to to protect and uplift their women. He was one of the poineers of radical Black Thought in the 20th cen- tury which helped inspire Black scholars. He taught Black people to accept their own and do for self. W.E.B. Dubois was an integrationist


who opposed Marcus Garvey and Book- er T Washington and believed blacks in Africa and America should follow the lead of white people. He believed Blacks should become intellectuals and abandon manual labor, so he formed the Niagara Movement and Black fraternities in 1905 to keep the “talented tenth” away from Garvey. He wrote several books, includ- ing the famous “Soul of Black Folks” and later joined the NAACP. He’s given the title of the Father of Pan-Africanism de- spite the fact he opposed Garvey’s “back to Africa” ideology. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Started as a resistance and fight against


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lynching and other social injustices. The brutal lynching of Emit Till in 1955 in- spired many in the Black community to join to become active in the stuggle. It was later trasformed into a movement to integrate into white society. Dr Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks lead the way during the bus boycotts of Burming- ham, Alabama. The Movement stayed on the integrationalist path well through- out the 1960’s and up until this very day. It was joined by various multiracial or- ganizations such as the urban league and the NAACP. They were strong opponents of the separatist ideology of many Black Nationalist organizations. Those two phi- losophies fought for the hearts and minds of Black people during the early to late 1900s. The civil rights act of 1964 caused many Blacks in America to embrace the


integrationist philosophy and to believe the world has changed for the better. THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT: After the civil rights act of 1964,


Blacks saw very little changes in the US. Dogs were still being sicced on them, po- lice still killed and robbed them and pov- erty and injustices were still at an all time high in America. There were Black men women who thought “enough is enough, We need Power.” Protesting, marching, and sitting in weren’t working. Some even took up arms.


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