appreciate ap•pre•ci•ate1


circumscribe /≈ pr≥' sh≥ ∞t'/ v. ap•pre•ci•at•ed,


ap•pre•ci•at•ing, ap•pre•ci•ates. to rise in value or price. Our house appreciated when we added a new bedroom. —ap•pre•ci•a•to•ry /≈ pr≥' sh≈ tôr' ≥/ adj.


ap•pre•ci•ate2 /≈ pr≥' sh≥ ∞t'/ v. ap•pre•ci•at•ed,


PRONUNCIATION KEY


/≠/ /∞/ /â/


pat pay care


/ä/ father /är/ far /≤/ /≥/ /∂/ /∑/


pet be pit pie


/îr/ pier /∏/ mop /π/ /ô/


toe paw,for


/oi/ noise /ou/ out /∫/ look /Ω/ boot /√/


cut


/ûr/ /th/ /th/


urge thin this


/hw/ what /zh/ vision /≈/


about item pencil gallop circus


/≈r/ butter Dictionary A


ab•hor /≠b hôr'/ v. ab•horred, ab•hor•ring, ab•hors. to hate or feel disgust for. Some people abhor snakes.—ab•hor•rence n.


ab•hor•rent /≠b hôr' ≈nt/ adj. disgusting; strongly opposed. The abhorrent rodent was finally caught.


ab•ject /≠b' j≤kt' or ≠b j≤kt'/ adj. hopeless; miserable. The family was living in abject poverty.


a•bode /≈ bπd'/ n. the place where one lives; a home. Please visit our new abode.


ab•sorb /≈b sôrb' or ≈b zôrb'/ v. ab•sorbed, ab•sorb•ing, ab•sorbs. to soak up. The towel absorbed the spill. —ab•sorb•a•ble adj.—ab•sorb•ing•ly adv. —ab•sorb•a•bil•i•ty n.—ab•sorb•er n.


ac•ro•pho•bi•a /≠k' r≈ fπ' b≥ ≈/ n. a fear of high places. My mother doesn’t like balconies because she has acrophobia.


ad•e•quate /≠d' ∂ kw∂t/ adj. as much as needed; enough. We had an adequate amount of food for the picnic. —ad•e•quate•ly adv.


ad•join /≈ join'/ v. ad•joined, ad•join•ing, ad•joins. to be next to. The dining room adjoins the kitchen.


204 Dictionary circumspect


cir•cum•spect /sûr' k≈m sp≤kt'/ adj. careful; cautious. The young woman was circumspect about choosing a career. —cir•cum•spect•ly adv. —cir•cum•spec•tion n.


PRONUNCIATION KEY


/≠/ /∞/ /â/


pat pay care


/ä/ father /är/ far /≤/ /≥/ /∂/ /∑/


pet be pit pie


/îr/ pier /∏/ mop /π/ /ô/


toe paw,for


/oi/ noise /ou/ out /∫/ look /Ω/ boot /√/


cut


/ûr/ /th/ /th/


urge thin this


/hw/ what /zh/ vision /≈/


about item pencil gallop circus


/≈r/ butter


clar•i•fy /kl≠r' ≈ f∑'/ v. clar•i•fied, clar•i•fy•ing, clar•i•fies. to make clear. I asked the teacher to clarify a question on the test.—clar•i•fi•ca•tion n.


claus•tro•pho•bi•a /klô' str≈ fπ' b≥ ≈/ n. the fear of being in small or enclosed spaces. My friend doesn’t like to go through tunnels because he has claustrophobia. —claus•tro•pho•bic adj.


clem•en•cy /kl≤m' ≈n s≥/ n., pl. clem•en•cies. mercy. The principal showed clemency toward the tardy students.


cler•gy /klûr' j≥/ n., pl. cler•gies. a group of people who have been formally appointed to religious service. The boy thought that he might join the clergy when he grew up.


cli•ché /kl≥ sh∞'/ n. an overused expression. Good writers try to avoid using clichés.


clois•ter1 /kloi' st≈r/ n. a place of religious


seclusion. The monks in a nearby cloister welcome guests for meals.


clois•ter2 /kloi' st≈r/ n. a quiet place away


from others. My friends like to meet in a cloister in the park.


clois•ter3 /kloi' st≈r/ v. clois•tered,


clois•ter•ing, clois•ters. to shut away in a quiet place. When I study for a test, I cloister myself in my room.


col•lat•er•al /k≈ l≠t' ≈r ≈l/ n. something of value given to a lender of money as a guarantee that the loan will be repaid. The bank used our new car as collateral for the loan.


col•league /k∏l' ≥g'/ n. a person who works with others. My colleague and I worked to improve sales.


com•mem•o•rate1 /k≈ m≤m' ≈ r∞t'/ v.


com•mem•o•rat•ed, com•mem•o•rat•ing, com•mem•o•rates. to honor the memory of. The speech commemorated the man who had recently died.


206 Dictionary com•mem•o•rate2 confinement /k≈ m≤m' ≈ r∞t'/ v.


com•mem•o•rat•ed, com•mem•o•rat•ing, com•mem•o•rates. to serve as a memorial to, such as a statue or holiday. Veterans Day commemorates those who have served in the U.S. armed services.


com•men•tar•y /k∏m' ≈n t≤r' ≥/ n., pl. com•men•tar•ies. an explanation; a series of comments or interpretations. My teacher gave a commentary on current events.


com•mis•er•ate /k≈ m∂z' ≈ r∞t'/ v. com•mis•er•at•ed, com•mis•er•at•ing, com•mis•er•ates. to feel or express sympathy, sorrow, or pity. The girl commiserated with her sick friend.


com•mis•sion /k≈ m∂sh' ≈n/ n. a fee that a company pays a salesperson. He earned a large commission for selling the car. —com•mis•sion•al adj.


com•part•ment /k≈m pärt' m≈nt/ n. a division, section, or part of a space. I put my shoes in a special compartment of my suitcase.


com•pen•sa•tion /k∏m' p≈n s∞' sh≈n/ n. some- thing that is given or received as payment for work done or for a loss or injury. The cleaners gave me compensation for my ruined sweater.—com•pen•sa•tion•al adj.


com•pe•tent /k∏m' p∂ t≈nt/ adj. capable; qualified. My brother is a competent swimmer.—com•pe•tent•ly adv.


com•plex /k≈m pl≤ks' or k∏m' pl≤ks'/ adj. having many parts; complicated. I couldn’t solve the complex math problem. —com•plex•ly adv.—com•plex•ness n.


com•post /k∏m' pπst'/ n. a mixture of decayed plant matter, such as leaves and grass clippings, that is used to improve the soil. She puts compost on her garden.


com•pre•hend /k∏m' pr∂ h≤nd'/ v. com•pre•hend•ed, com•pre•hend•ing, com•pre•hends. to understand. The dog is able to comprehend hand signals.


con•fine•ment /k≈n f∑n' m≈nt/ n. the state of being shut up or restricted to a certain place. After their confinement during the rain, the children wanted to play outside.


confirm


con•firm /k≈n fûrm'/ v. con•firmed, con•firm•ing, con•firms. to verify; to prove to be true. You should confirm that your name is spelled correctly.—con•firm•a•ble adj. —con•firm•er n.


con•fir•ma•tion /k∏n f≈r m∞' sh≈n/ n. verifi- cation. My mother asked for confirmation of my grades.


con•junc•tion /k≈n j√ngk' sh≈n/ n. the act or state of joining or coming together; a combination. The rain, in conjunction with the freezing temperatures, caused icy roads.


con•no•ta•tion /k∏n' ≈ t∞' sh≈n/ n. what a word suggests in addition to its exact meaning. The word winter may have connotations of snow, ice, and cold temperatures.


con•straint /k≈n str∞nt'/ n. something that restricts or limits. Our time constraint kept us from doing everything we needed to do.


con•strict /k≈n str∂kt'/ v. con•strict•ed, con•strict•ing, con•stricts. to make smaller or narrower by pressing together; to squeeze. The belt was too small and constricted my waist.—con•stric•tive adj. —con•stric•tive•ly adv.


con•text /k∏n' t≤kst'/ n. the part of a sentence that surrounds a word and helps to make its meaning clear. I use clues in the context to determine the meaning of a new word.


cram /kr≠m/ v. crammed, cram•ming, crams. to stuff into a small space. I had to cram the books into my backpack.


D


dearth /dûrth/ n. a lack; scarcity. On the last day of school, I had a dearth of notebook paper.


de•duce /d∂ dΩs' or d∂ dyΩs'/ v. de•duced, de•duc•ing, de•duc•es. to reach or draw a conclusion by reasoning. From the ice on the windows, we can deduce that it is cold outside.—de•duc•i•ble adj.


de•fault1 /d∂ fôlt'/ v. de•fault•ed, de•fault•ing,


de•faults. to fail to repay a debt or fulfill an obligation. He refused to default on his college loan.—de•fault•er n.


de•fault2 /d∂ fôlt'/ n. a failure to do what is


expected or required. A default in the tennis match eliminated him from the tournament.


de•fi•cient /d∂ f∂sh' ≈nt/ adj. insufficient; lacking. The number of pages in my report is deficient.—de•fi•cient•ly adv.


de•ject•ed /d∂ j≤k' t∂d/ adj. sad; discouraged. I was dejected because I did not do well on the test.—de•ject•ed•ly adv. —de•ject•ed•ness n.


del•uge1 /d≤l' yΩj/ n. a great flood or heavy


downpour. The deluge completely destroyed many homes.


del•uge2 /d≤l' yΩj/ n. a great amount that


overwhelms. The deluge of mail kept the postal workers very busy.


del•uge3 /d≤l' yΩj/ v. del•uged, del•ug•ing,


del•ug•es. to flood with water. The melted snow from the mountains deluged the canyon.


del•uge4 /d≤l' yΩj/ v. del•uged, del•ug•ing,


del•ug•es. to overwhelm by a great amount. The students were deluged with homework.


de•note /d∂ nπt'/ v. de•not•ed, de•not•ing, de•notes. to indicate; to mean or represent. The check marks on the test denote mistakes. —de•not•a•ble adj.—de•no•tive adj.


de•plete /d∂ pl≥t'/ v. de•plet•ed, de•plet•ing, de•pletes. to use up or reduce the amount of. I have depleted my supply of tennis balls. —de•plet•a•ble adj.—de•ple•tion n.


de•pre•ci•ate /d∂ pr≥' sh≥ ∞t'/ v. de•pre•ci•at•ed, de•pre•ci•at•ing, de•pre•ci•ates. to lose value or drop in price. As a car gets older, it depreciates in value.—de•pre•cia•to•ry adj. —de•pre•ci•a•tor n.


de•rive1 /d∂ r∑v'/ v. de•rived, de•riv•ing,


de•rives. to come from a source; to originate. Does your name derive from French? —de•riv•a•ble adj.—de•riv•er n.


de•rive2 /d∂ r∑v'/ v. de•rived, de•riv•ing,


de•rives. to get or obtain from a source. Our family derives pleasure from going to the movies.—de•riv•a•ble adj.—de•riv•er n.


des•o•late1 /d≤s' ≈ l∂t or d≤z' ≈ l∂t/ adj. deserted


or empty. The desolate ghost town was eerie. —des•o•late•ly adv.—des•o•late•ness n.


Dictionary 207 Dictionary T205 a•grar•i•an1 /≈ grâr' ≥ ≈n/ adj. relating to


farmers or farming. Agrarian cultures once flourished around the world.


a•grar•i•an2 /≈ grâr' ≥ ≈n/ adj. having to do


with the use or ownership of farmland. As cities grow, less land is available for agrarian use.


am•ple /≠m' p≈l/ adj. am•pler, am•plest. more than enough. We took an ample sup- ply of water on the hike.—am•ply adv. —am•ple•ness n.


an•ec•dote /≠n' ∂k dπt'/ n. a short account of a funny or interesting incident or event. My grandfather told us an anecdote about his childhood.—an•ec•dot•al adj. —an•ec•dot•al•ly adv.


an•no•ta•tion /≠n' π t∞' sh≈n/ n. a written explanatory note or comment. The author’s annotation explained the paragraph.


an•tith•e•sis /≠n t∂th' ∂ s∂s/ n., pl. an•tith•e•ses /≠n t∂th' ∂ s≥z'/. the exact opposite. Today’s gloomy weather is the antithesis of yesterday’s sunshine.


ap•pos•i•tive /≈ p∏z' ∂ t∂v/ n. an explanatory phrase. In the sentence “Joe, my brother, has a new car,” my brother is an appositive.


ap•pre•ci•at•ing, ap•pre•ci•ates. to under- stand the worth, value, or quality of some- thing. Do you appreciate classical music? —ap•pre•ci•a•to•ry /≈ pr≥' sh≈ tôr' ≥/ adj.


a•rach•no•pho•bi•a /≈ r≠k' n≈ fπ' b≥ ≈/ n. a fear of spiders. My sister won’t go camping because she has arachnophobia.


ar•bor /är' b≈r/ n. a shaded area often covered with vines or flowers. On warm summer days, I like to sit in the arbor and read.


as•cribe /≈ skr∑b'/ v. as•cribed, as•crib•ing, as•cribes. to regard something as belonging to a particular cause or source; to credit. I ascribe my sore muscles to the exercises I did yesterday.—as•crib•a•ble adj.


as•sump•tion /≈ s√mp' sh≈n/ n. a supposition; a statement accepted as true without proof. Our teacher made the assumption that everyone had done the homework.


as•tute /≈ stΩt' or ≈ styΩt'/ adj. having or showing a keen mind; shrewd or crafty. The astute contestant answered all of the questions correctly.—as•tute•ly adv. —as•tute•ness n.


B


ba•sis /b∞' s∂s/ n., pl. ba•ses /b∞' s≥z'/. the essential part on which something rests or depends. The basis of our friendship is a common interest in sports.


bliss•ful /bl∂s' f≈l/ adj. full of or causing great happiness or joy. A day at the zoo is a blissful experience.—bliss•ful•ly adv. —bliss•ful•ness n.


bot•a•ny /b∏t' n ≥/ n., pl. bot•a•nies. a branch of science that studies plants and plant life. I want to study botany in Central American rain forests.


cam•ou•flage1 C /k≠m' ≈ fläzh' or k≠m' ≈ fläj'/ n.


a disguise, especially when a person or animal appears to be part of its surroundings. It was difficult to see the lizard in the leaves because of its camouflage.


cam•ou•flage2 /k≠m' ≈ fläzh' or k≠m' ≈ fläj'/ v.


cam•ou•flaged, cam•ou•flag•ing, cam•ou•flag•es. to change appearance in order to hide. Some animals camouflage themselves for protection.


ca•pac•i•ty /k≈ p≠s' ∂ t≥/ n., pl. ca•pac•i•ties. the amount of space inside. Our car has the seating capacity for five passengers.


ca•tas•tro•phe /k≈ t≠s' tr≈ f≥/ n. a disaster. The earthquake was a catastrophe for the city.


cat•a•stroph•ic /k≠t' ≈ str∏f' ∂k/ adj. relating to a disaster. The catastrophic storm knocked down a tree in our yard. —cat•a•stroph•i•cal•ly adv.


ce•leb•ri•ty /s≈ l≤b' r∂ t≥/ n., pl. ce•leb•ri•ties. a famous person. The students were excited when the celebrity visited their school.


cha•me•leon /k≈ m≥l' y≈n or k≈ m≥' l≥ ≈n/ n. a small lizard that can change color. The chameleon changes color to protect itself from predators.


chasm1 /k≠z' ≈m/ n. a deep crack or gap in


the earth’s surface; a canyon; a gorge. The earthquake created a chasm.


chasm2 /k≠z' ≈m/ n. a big difference of feelings,


beliefs, or opinions. The voters noticed the chasm between the two candidates.


cir•cum•scribe1 /sûr' k≈m skr∑b'/ v.


cir•cum•scribed, cir•cum•scrib•ing, cir•cum•scribes. to surround or encircle. A dirt path circumscribed the rose garden. —cir•cum•scrib•a•ble adj. —cir•cum•scrib•er n.


cir•cum•scribe2 /sûr' k≈m skr∑b'/ v.


cir•cum•scribed, cir•cum•scrib•ing, cir•cum•scribes. to limit. She had to circumscribe her activity after she hurt her shoulder.—cir•cum•scrib•a•ble adj. —cir•cum•scrib•er n.


Dictionary 205 desolate C-D A-C


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