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OVERVIEW 7


over resources, such as household income (see Chapter 16 by Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Julia Behrman, Purnima Menon, and Agnes Quisumbing).


Policymaking across Sectors Making policies that leverage agriculture for nutrition and health poses particular challenges. Malnutrition and poor health are the result of many factors and require action in a whole range of sectors. Although the health and agriculture sectors have well-established institutions within government, they are not organized in ways that readily allow for cross-sectoral action. And the nutrition sector often lacks a high-profile place in government. It suffers from a lack of awareness about the consequences of and solutions to malnutrition, weak commitment from political leaders, and limited resources for public investment. Nonetheless, there are ways to promote action on nutrition and across sectors, including advocacy by civil society and community groups and the cultivation of policy champions (well-connected and well-informed people with access to the policy process). Agriculture-associated health problems require joint agriculture and health solutions. Achieving these joint solutions may involve creating incentives for intersectoral collaboration, implementing multisectoral policy reviews, carrying out health-impact studies of agricultural development projects, and promoting joint agriculture, nutrition, and health policy formulation and planning (see Chapter 17 by Todd Benson, Chapter 18 by Robert Mwadime, Chapter 19 by Brenda Shenute Namugumya, and Chapter 21 by Joachim von Braun, Marie T. Ruel, and Stuart Gillespie). The best approach to finding positive synergies among agriculture, nutrition,


and health may depend on a country’s position in the dietary transition, where stage one is a diet low in calories and micronutrients, stage two is a diet adequate in calories for most people but with inadequate micronutrients, and stage three is a diet that provides excessive calories, still with possible micronutrient deficiencies. In stage one countries, government’s primary task is to provide public goods that contribute to improvements in agriculture, nutrition, and health, such as infrastruc- ture, education, and health services. During stage two, the task is to deliver targeted agricultural, nutritional, and health services to people who do not experience the benefits of growth. At stage three, governments must regulate the growing private sector, including commercial farms, food manufacturers, retailers, and restaurants (see Chapter 22 by Robert Paarlberg). Breaking down the siloes between the sectors will require a change in thinking.


Education in all three sectors can do more to highlight the synergies among them and develop a shared body of knowledge that will follow students into their profes- sional lives. Professionals in the three sectors should retain their deep expertise in their subject areas, while also gaining a greater familiarity with the other sectors’


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