156 ROBERT K. N. MWADIME


organization, with no earmarked budget and few staff positions; nutrition objectives, especially those that require coordinated action with other sectors, are consequently neglected.


4. Making informed appointments. This ensures nutrition will have well-informed advocates who can effectively promote the nutrition agenda. If those appointed to lead nutrition efforts lack the necessary academic background, experience, and leadership skills, their efforts will become sidelined in the competition between sectors and subsectors to influence resource allocations.


Resources Resource allocations are a good measure of political commitment. In fact, govern- ments in eastern Africa tend to leave nutrition financing almost entirely to donors. In the absence of new government revenue streams, moreover, public invest- ments are unlikely to be made for new programs to address malnutrition because decisionmakers would rather access new funding sources than reallocate their existing funds.


Policymaking and Implementation Enacting policies requires effective implementation. Unfortunately, however, written policy and actual practice are not often congruent, due to such factors as the following:


• Implementers may resist the priorities established in a policy document, based on their own assessment of the solutions needed. Ideally, the consensus- building process necessary to formulate nutrition policy should continue through implementation.


• Policies fail to define clearly the various elements that facilitate implementation: operational structures, guidelines and standards, financial resources, human capacity, and effective follow-up and coordination.


• Countries with loose interagency coordination mechanisms (such as Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, and Uganda) have greater difficulty planning, coordi- nating, and funding nutrition-related mandates.


Countries where malnutrition has been recognized more broadly as a develop- ment problem rather than a health problem—including Lesotho, Malawi, Rwanda,


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