and schemes that might be utilised for making these value estimates she con- cluded by scoring six different habitats – natural oyster reefs, natural mussel beds, cultured oyster beds, rope-grown mussels, cable armouring and bare mud – for the value of the ecosystem services they can provide. And the native oysters and cultured oyster beds scored highest in her scheme.
With subsequent speakers the dif- ferences between the UK approach to shellfish restoration and that of the USA became painfully apparent, as papers addressed differences between restored and unrestored reefs, harvesting strate- gies and how to manage the harvesting so as to allow the ecosystem service benefits to be maintained. Doug Lipton from the University of Maryland showed a graph to demonstrate that a lack of controls meant that the reef would be almost completely denuded by harvest- ing of oysters while, in order to maintain the ecosystem services, it was possible to control this by issuing contracts with penalties. Lisa Kellogg of VIMS gave a graphic illustration of how restored reefs can remove nitrogen from the marine environment and showed that a third of this value is provided by the associated
biota. She also pointed out that many of these benefits can be equally well pro- vided by shellfish aquaculture. While the first morning had provided a mainly American view, the geographic focus then moved to the Wadden Sea, which is located off the east coast of the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, and Luca Van Duren presented the evi-
The Provost of Stirling addresses the conference delegates
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35
Fish Farmer September/October 2011
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