Vaccination success is dependent on vaccine han-
dling and administration. Keep vaccines refrigerated from the time they are purchased until they are in- jected into an animal. Vaccines are extremely susceptible to sunlight,
especially MLV vaccines. If a MLV vaccine is left in sunlight for an hour, 60 percent of the antigens will die. Leave a bottle of MLV vaccine in the sun for 2
hours and you will end up with a bottle of water with a few bugs. The dashboard of a pickup is not the place to carry or store vaccines. The status of the animal also infl uences vaccine
effectiveness. Stress has a large negative impact on vaccination response. Stress can be caused by envi- ronment (too hot or too cold), disease, and handling. Use low-stress techniques when handling and wean- ing cattle. It is best to vaccinate calves while they are still at their mother’s side to reduce stress. Insuffi cient nutrition also causes stress in an ani-
mal. Proper nutrition is free access to a continual supply of fresh, cool water and the proper amounts of energy, protein, vitamins, macro-minerals and trace minerals. Trace mineral nutrition is often overlooked, yet it is very critical for maintaining animal health and development of immunity to pathogens.
Trace minerals affect: Cellular development and function
Structural development and function Hormone production
Reproductive system function Enzyme production
Immune system function
Trace minerals Once pasture forage has been analyzed for trace
mineral content, an oral mineral mix can be designed to meet specifi c animal requirements. Palatability is an integral characteristic of a mineral
mix because it governs intake. Season of the year also infl uences intake. During
warm months when grass is green, cattle tend to con- sume less of the mineral supplement because they meet their needs through forage consumption. During the part of the year when forage is dormant, cattle will consume more of a mineral supplement because they can’t obtain their needs from only grass.
MORE
Remember to vaccinate the bulls. They cannot perform as expected if they aren’t healthy.
tscra.org August 2016 The Cattleman 87
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