Lipotropic factors, especially choline, may improve the utilisation of energy. Moreover, part of the beneficial impact of choline and L-carnitine on weight gain and FCR values can be attributed to the increased metabolic rate in supplemented birds. Effect on meat composition and oxidative stability In the same trial, supplemental choline decreased breast malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which is a marker for oxidative stress. The breast muscle protein content was significantly increased by the supplementation of dietary choline. A reasonable explanation for this observation is attributed to its role in signalling pathways, such as acetyl-choline (Voet and Voet, 1995). Choline can be converted to acetyl-choline through the activity of choline acetyl transferase. In this form, choline exerts its roles in signal transduction mechanisms in the regulation of protein synthesis. Effect on carcass yields Both supplementation with choline and carnitine reduced abdominal fat percentage. The greatest carcass yield was observed for the choline-supplemented group compared to the control and the carnitine group.
Layers
Recommended levels A major use is in the formation of the phospholipid lecithin, a component
of egg yolk. Current NRC recommendations for choline allowances in laying hens are 105 mg/day for white egg layers and 115 mg/day for those laying brown eggs. At feed intake levels of 100 and 110 g/day for the two types respectively, this implies a choline dietary concentration of approximately 1100 mg/kg.
CONCLUDING REMARKS The bioavailability of naturally occurring choline varies between raw materials, which means attention should be given to avoid dietary concentration over-estimation. However, adequate choline supplementation will overcome the variation in raw material concentration. Choline is essential for building and maintaining cell structures, fat metabolism of the liver, formation of acetylcholine and as a methyl-group donor via betaine. In broilers, choline supplementation improves growth performance, meat quality and meat yield. Supplementation of broiler diets with lipotropic factors (choline and carnitine) can reduce adverse effects of high ME diets on abdominal fat accumulation and peroxidation of leg/breast muscles. Supplementation of broiler diets with lipotropic factors can therefore be considered as a practical strategy when high energy diets are used in broiler production.
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