Feature: Batteries
Figure 3: Different balancing concepts
Figure 4: Resistor-based and diode-based passive balancing
Active balancing concepts Active balancing covers a range of concepts that precisely distribute the energy within the battery pack. Neighbouring balancing allows a cell to transfer its energy
exclusively to neighbouring cells; see Figure 1. In single-pair balancing a cell can feed its energy to another
one that is not neighbouring; see Figure 2. Multi-pair balancing allows a single cell to connect
to several different ones, particularly effective in high- performance systems where optimal energy distribution across the entire battery network is crucial. These one-to-many and many-to-one methods allow
flexibility in connecting cells, as well as dynamic adaptation to changing requirements – particularly suitable for environments in information and communication; see Figure 3.
Resistor-based and diode-based passive balancing There are two main concepts in passive balancing: Resistor- based and diode-based; see Figure 4. Resistor-based balancing
uses passive electrical resistors to discharge cells with higher energy levels. The resulting heat is dissipated as a byproduct. This concept is used in most BMS, since it’s cost-effective, yet simple and effective. Diode-based balancing uses semiconductor diodes to
regulate the energy flow between cells. Here, the diodes open up automatically to a neighbouring cell when the voltage falls below a certain level.
BMS balancing As with everything else, the method a designer should choose depends on the specific application. From precision in high- performance systems to lower costs in mobile applications, the different methods of balancing offer a wide spectrum of solutions to various challenges, but also lay the foundation for future types of energy management. Arrow Electronics has recently launched an online resource
for developers of battery management systems, offering access to support services and design papers written in cooperation with experts from its community.
www.electronicsworld.co.uk July/August 2024 11
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