WHAT IS INDIRECT VIOLENCE? In positive peace theory, there are three types of violence – direct violence, structural and cultural. Direct violence are acts of overt aggression and can include bullying, harassment, verbal or physical abuse. Indirect violence is much more subtle and comprises both structural and cultural violence. Structural violence is when aspects of an organisation or society indirectly cause damage to people or groups through unjust and inequitable treatment. While cultural violence are the discourses, narratives and beliefs that enable structural or direct violence to be enacted.


HOW STUDENTS BENEFIT FROM POSITIVE PEACE Inspiring an audience of leading international schools and leaders, Cremin enthused that positive peace in schools is possible and being implemented at various levels globally. The final part of her keynote looked at how students stand to benefit from positive peace. According to Cremin, students who attend a school


characterised by positive peace can achieve the following lasting outcomes that will help equip them for a future with much change in it.


These include:


INNER PEACE (WELLBEING) • The ability to protect personal boundaries, mental health and wellbeing


• Know how to accept, control, understand, and express themselves clearly


OUTER PEACE (RELATIONSHIPS) • The skills to resolve conflict well, using a range of strategies


• Understand how to build and maintain healthy relationships and be able to communicate and collaborate with diverse audiences and groups of people


COMMUNITY & GLOBAL PEACE (CITIZENSHIP) • Know how to protect a peaceful school community. How to integrate effectively and positively contribute to a thriving peaceful environment


• Have the skills and knowledge to work for peace at local, national and global levels


ECOLOGICAL PEACE (PLANETARY CARE) • Be empowered to protect the planet and learn how to protect its ecosystems


• The capacity to reconnect with nature 101


HOW TO SPOT SIGNS OF STRUCTURAL & CULTURAL


VIOLENCE IN SCHOOLS According to their book, an example of structural violence at school could include students feeling ill from stress, excessive homework or testing. Or, social and disciplinary exclusion of students who do not fit the normative standard of dominant social groups. Signs of cultural violence could be an


outdated and impoverished curriculum where students do not learn about other faiths and cultures or the achievements of women, indigenous and black people. Or, it could be as simple as girls and some boys, not having as much space to play as dominant or more popular groups.


TIPS FOR LEADING WITH POSITIVE PEACE AT SCHOOL,


WORK & BEYOND • Don’t attack people, attack problems • Listen. Promote listening and listen respectfully


• Build trust by encouraging conversation • Work with local ideas of what peace means in your particular setting to ensure your methods and approaches make cultural sense


GLOBAL EDUCATION


POSITIVE PEACE IN SCHOOLS


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