| Projects


Left: Severe drought exposes the riverbed and significantly narrows the major Fraser River in southern British Columbia, Canada. A recent survey shows that 66% of British Columbians are concerned about the potential for a major water crisis in their community in the next few years


Reducing fuel load in highly dense forests may also leave more water in streams and can lead to higher, longer-lasting snowpack which can produce more water throughout the summer dry season. Following forest fires there is typically an increase in runoff and sedimentation which will cause problems downstream. A build-up of sediment flows in reservoirs is not ideal for infrastructure such as hydropower turbines.


Power systems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously, PNNL explains, and these can cancel and compound each other in unexpected ways. Therefore, planning for climate change in the future looks like it will be more challenging that first thought. PNNL says that it is working hard to prepare for extreme events by taking a holistic approach to long- term planning with risk-informed decision-making.


Water security Drought and water supplies are also a concern across


the border in Canada. According to the 2021 BC Watershed Security Survey, published by the Real Estate Foundation of BC and the University of Victoria’s POLIS Water Sustainability Project, 66% of British Columbians are concerned about the potential for a major water crisis in their community in the next few years. This is up from 57% in 2018.


Such water concerns may have been heightened by the events of summer 2021. Three in four British Columbians surveyed say that this was one of the hottest, driest, and worst fire seasons in living memory. More than three-quarters now say that BC needs to make major investments in watershed security to protect fresh water. “These trends reflect the growing consensus among


both experts and the public that our water cannot be taken for granted. Watershed security — the need to responsibly and sustainably manage water and its sources — is the common theme that links the top issues of our time,” says Oliver M. Brandes, co-director of the POLIS Project at the University of Victoria. “Without watershed security, climate impacts are worse, droughts endure, wildfires intensify, salmon die, forests fail, soil is lost, food cannot grow, local economies falter, and conflict mounts. “If this government is serious about solving


problems, about securing this province for the future, it needs to be making these connections. With increasing climate instability in the face of increasing local development and an expanding population, taking action now is a no-brainer,” Brandes added. “Watershed security is more than just an environmental problem; watershed security is a reconciliation, health, and economic imperative.” ●


References


The Heat Is On—Is the Grid Ready? PNNL web feature by Kelsey Adkisson. August 23, 2021. www.pnnl.gov/news-media/ heat-grid-ready


Download the 2021 BC Water- shed Security Survey at https:// poliswaterproject.org/polis- research-publication/2021-bc- watershed-security-survey/


California hydro responds despite drought According to the US Energy Information Administration, despite widespread, intense drought conditions, hydroelectric power plants in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO), the grid operator for most of the state, provided a significant amount of generation from April to September 2021. Although drought conditions reduced the water supply in California, hydroelectric generation during this period still increased in response to the higher average hourly electricity prices in the late afternoon. In 2021, monthly generation from hydroelectric plants in California was near the bottom of its ten-year range. To maximise revenue,


hydroelectric plants concentrated their generation into the hours of the day when electricity demand—and, therefore, prices are highest, typically between 6:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. Hydroelectric generators provided an average of 5% of the total generation in CAISO from April to September 2021. During the


peak-priced hour, however, that share jumped to 10%. From April to September 2021, daily output from hydroelectric plants in CAISO averaged over 30,000MWh per day, ranging from a low of nearly 15,000MWh to a high of more than 52,000MWh. The maximum hourly hydroelectric generation each day ranged from more than 2000MWh to over 4500MWh. As a result of limited water availability, the maximum output level can only be sustained for one or two hours per day. SOURCE: California hydroelectric facilities continue to respond to prices despite drought. December 1, 2021. M. Tyson Brown. www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=50516


www.waterpowermagazine.com | Yearbook 2022 | 7


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