additives | PVC plasticisers
DOS in most PVC applications where it is currently used. “While DOS is a widely-used plasticiser, it has become more challenging for companies to acquire sebacic acid-based plasticisers, due to increasing costs along with the uncertainty and lack of stable supply of sebacic acid,” says Technical Market Manager Christian Müller. Emery is using azelaic acid for production of its Edenol DOZ, which Müller says is a viable substitute for sebacic acid as it differs only slightly in its chemical structure. He says Emery’s integrated manufacturing processes and readily-available feedstock of azelaic acid through its proprietary process of ozonolysis of oleic acid (sourced from a variety of natural fats and oils) ensures a secure supply. Edenol DOZ – di(2-ethyl hexyl) azelate – offers
general characteristics that are very similar to DOS (Figure 2). It has food contact compliance, according to FDA CFR 21, and displays similar application character- istics in PVC compared to DOS. Emery has compared the behaviour of both plasticisers in a basic PVC formulation – a Ca-Zn stabilised s-PVC (k71) with epoxidised soy bean oil as co-stabiliser – and the results are similar (Figure 3). Commenting on the results, Müller says the
Figure 2: General properties of Emery’s bio-based Edonol DOZ plasticiser compared to DOS
Parameter Colour Odour
Viscosity
Specific gravity Pour point Pour point
Molecular weight Source: Emery Oleochemicals
Figure 3: Properties of Ca-Zn stabilised s-PVC (k71) with an epoxidised soy bean oil co-stabiliser plasti- cised with Edenol DOZ and and alternative DOS plasticser
Parameter
Shore A hardness Shore D hardness Tensile strength Breaking tension Elongation at break Cold flex temperature
Weight loss in iso-octane after 4 hours at 60 °C [Extraction resistance]
Source: Emery Oleochemicals 48 COMPOUNDING WORLD | August 2017
www.compoundingworld.com
Unit - -
N
N/mm² %
°C %
Edenol DOZ 40 phr
35
ca. 230 ca. 19.8 ca. 545 ca. -55
ca. 2.4 DOS 40 phr 37
ca. 233 ca. 19.8 ca. 541 ca. -60
ca. 2.7
ca. 156 ca. 14.2 ca. 727 ca. -65
ca. 11.0
ca. 172 ca. 14.8 ca. 709 ca. -65
ca. 11.4
Edenol DOZ 70 phr
71 DOS
70 phr 78
Unit - -
mPas g/cm³ °C °F
Dalton
Edenol DOZ Colourless Odourless ca. 20
ca. 0.92 ca. -80 ca. -112 412
DOS
Colourless Odourless ca. 20
ca. 0.92 ca. -80 ca. -112 426
differences between the formulations based on DOS and DOZ are quite small and within, or close to, the tolerances of the respective measurement. “The Shore hardness tends to be slightly lower with Edenol DOZ, so the plasticiser dosage in this formulation could have been reduced. With the tensile strength at 40 phr dosage being the same for both plasticisers, the difference at the higher dosage is minimal. Breaking tension, elongation at break, and the cold flex tempera- ture do not show any significant differences. The extraction resistance to iso-octane shows a small advantage for Edenol DOZ within the accuracy of the measurement.” The viscosity and specific gravity of DOS and DOZ are the same so, when switching from one to the other, very little needs to be changed in the dosing system. “Although the differences in behaviour depend upon the full formulation used, Edenol DOZ is certainly the closest alternative to DOS that is available in the market,” Müller claims. Also making greater use of renewables is Jungbun- zlauer Ladenburg. Renewable chemicals company Green Biologics earlier this year announced that Jungbunzlauer Ladenburg would use its BioPure n-butanol to produce bio-based Citrofol BI tributyl citrate and Citrofol BII acetyl tributyl citrate plasticizers. Commercial shipments have already begun. Hans-Peter Froschauer, product group manager of specialties at Jungbunzlauer Ladenburg, says: “The opportunity for bio-based plasticizers in personal care, healthcare, bio-polymers and many other industrial applications is immense and it is global. We look forward to a long and successful collaboration with Green Biologics.” Citrofol BII is a highly efficient primary plasticiser for
sensitive and technical applications. It is a low-viscosity, odourless clear liquid, with a high boiling point and low volatility, according to Jungbunzlauer Ladenburg . “The
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