Technical Terms reproduced with kind permission of J.K.P Edwards, FBICSc. TECHNICAL TERMS
field have produced a large number of stronger disinfectants, which are both more effective and safer to handle.
DRY-BRIGHT Normally refers to water-based floor wax which, on application, will dry with a glossy appearance. Dry-bright floor waxes are also known as ‘self-gloss’ emulsion waxes.
DRIERS Used to accelerate the drying, or hardening process, particularly in air drying seals.
DRYING The process of hardening. Two stages are normally apparent in the drying process:
(A) TOUCHDRY The stage at which the film will not mark when pressed lightly with a finger. At this stage the surface has hardened to the extent that it will not retain dust and dirt settling upon it.
(B)HARDDRY The stage at which the seal or dressing is sufficiently hard to withstand traffic.
DUSTING This term is normally applied to concrete floors, and refers to the disintegration of the surface layer of concrete into very fine particles of ‘dust’. Almost all concrete floors dust to some extent, depending upon the concrete mix and type and volume of traffic.
EGGSHELL FINISH Subdued gloss of a surface coating material.
ELECTROSTATICDUSTER A synthetic fibre duster which, because it generates static electricity when moved, retains dust.
EMULSIFYINGAGENT A chemical used in the preparation of emulsions to prevent the components from separating. An emulsifying agent is normally only used in small quantities.
EMULSION A very fine suspension of one liquid in another liquid with which it is not miscible. Oil and water are not normally miscible and will separate if blended together. They can, however, be emulsified by the use of emulsifying agents which suspend one liquid in another. By common use the word has also come to mean the suspension of a wide range of solid materials in water. For example, although wax is a solid, a suspension of wax in water is called water/wax emulsion.
EMULSIONWAXES
(A) TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS A blend of water/wax emulsion and an alkali- soluble resin or shellac. They may or may not dry with a glossy appearance. An increased gloss can be obtained by buffing.
(B) THREE COMPONENT SYSTEMS A blend of a water/wax emulsion and an alkali-soluble resin or shellac and a synthetic polymer resin emulsion. Examples of polymer resins commonly used in the polish industry
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are polystyrene and acrylates. The water/wax emulsion, alkali-soluble resin and synthetic polymer resin emulsion can be blended in almost any proportions to give emulsion waxes with a wide variety of properties.
ENZYME A catalyst produced by living cells, generally protein.
EPOXYRESIN A synthetic resin made essentially from petroleum derivatives. It is usually supplied in a two-pot form when used in a floor seal. The base component consists of the epoxy resin while the accelerator may be one of a variety of chemicals. In a solvent-free form it is used for floor laying.
ETCHING The process of forming small cavities in a surface by the use of a chemical reagent. For example, when sealing concrete floors it is often desirable to etch the surface with an acid. The cavities so formed, enable the seal to penetrate further thus ensuring a greater degree of adhesion.
FAHRENHEIT Temperature scale on which water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F.
FILM A very thin layer of a substance which, in the case of a floor seal, is usually between 0.13mm (5/1000in) and 0.25mm (10/1000in) thick.
FINISHING COAT This term is normally applied to a surface coating material used as the top coat of a painting or sealing system.
FLAMMABLE Capable of being easily ignited
FLASHING Associated with matt paints and seals. It describes the alternate matt and gloss striation effects sometimes left by brush marks, instead of the uniform matt finish which should be obtained.
FLASH POINT The temperature at which vapour from a liquid will ignite when exposed to a small flame or spark. The lower the temperature at which ignition takes place the more flammable is the liquid. For example, acetone, which has a flash point of -17.8°C (0°F) will ignite below ordinary room temperature 18.3°C (65°F) and is, therefore, very highly flammable; white spirit on the other hand, has a flash point of 41.1°C (106°F), and therefore requires the temperature to be raised before it will ignite.
FREEZE-THAWSTABILITY This property is normally associated with water emulsion floor waxes and water paints and is the resistance of the material to repeated freezing and thawing. One complete freeze- thaw cycle consists of lowering the temperature of the material until it freezes, holding it at that temperature for a specified period and then allowing it to warm to room temperature, when
the material again becomes liquid. When a material fails a freeze-thaw stability test, solid ingredients in the emulsion separate from the liquid forming a hard mass. The material is then in an unusable condition. Depending upon the type of emulsion, a material may be completely freeze-thaw stable over repeated cycles, stable over a limited number of cycles or completely unstable when frozen and thawed once.
FRICTION The resistance to motion when it is attempted to slide one surface over another.
FUNGI Plants without chlorophyll, including moulds and mildews.
FUNGICIDE A substance which destroys fungi.
GERMICIDE See Disinfectant
GRAMNEGATIVE BACTERIA Bacteria which are not coloured by Gram’s stain.
GRAMPOSITIVE BACTERIA Bacteria which are coloured by Gram’s stain.
GLOSS A shiny surface given by surface coating materials.
HARDENER See Accelerator
HARDWOOD Hardwood is wood which belongs to the order Dicotyledoneae, or broad-leaf trees, which includes for example beech, teak and oak. Many hardwood floors will withstand heavy foot traffic successfully over a long period of time. Because of their resistance to abrasion and decorative appearance they are usually protected with a seal rather than with a floor covering.
HYGIENE Science concerned with the principles of health.
INDICATOR A chemical which changes colour when the pH of a solution changes.
INTERCOAT ADHESION The bonding together of two coats, one upon the other, of surface coating materials.
IODOPHORS Disinfectants containing iodine as the main ingredient.
LACQUER The correct definition of a lacquer is ‘a solution of film forming substances in volatile solvents’. Drying takes place by evaporation of solvent, leaving the original film forming substances as a thin film on the surface.
LEVELLING Also known as ‘flow’. Levelling is the property of a surface coating material to flow out and spread itself evenly over the surface, so eliminating applicator or brush marks.
TOMORROW’S CLEANING PRODUCTS & SERVICES GUIDE 2020 | 9
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