GAS PURITY ANALYSIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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The concept of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is to recover carbon dioxide (CO2 process gas emissions and inject the CO2 emissions of CO2
generation can thereby be reduced to slow down climate change.
) from industrial deep into the ground for long term storage. Atmospheric from existing combustion processes, such as cement production or electrical power
Several new projects have also been proposed to construct steam methane reformers (SMR), or auto thermal reformers (ATR) to produce large quantities of hydrogen for heating and mobility applications. CCS is an integral part of these schemes to ensure that they produce blue hydrogen and play a role in sustainable decarbonisation.
SMRs and ATRs are most commonly fed with natural gas which is rich in methane. When the natural gas rises from the underground gas reservoir, it is generally accompanied by large quantities of CO2
which has existed with the methane in the underground
gas fi eld for thousands of years. Many CCS schemes plan to use depleted natural gas reservoirs for the long-term storage of CO2
thereby refi lling them with a gas that they previously contained. So, the CCS process can be thought of as returning CO2
to its
underground home. For example, the Fergus gas terminal at Peterhead in Scotland would be integral to the Acorn project. In this case, the fl ow direction of the existing natural gas pipeline would be reversed to pump carbon dioxide from onshore sources, back out to the gas fi elds under the North Sea.
Before we store CO2 deep underground, we must ensure that
important gas purity criteria have been met. When we use CO2 to freeze food or carbonate beverages the need for using a high
purity gas is abundantly clear and there are equally compelling, but different reasons that CO2
purity is also a critical issue in CCS
applications. However, at present there is no common standard to defi ne the quality of CO2
that should be used in CCS projects.
Many of the brightest minds in gas purity assay are working hard to address this gap.
Gas purity standards in Hydrogen and Healthcare can lead the way
The purity of Hydrogen for use in fuel cell electric vehicles is subject to an international standard, namely the ‘ISO14678:2019 Hydrogen fuel quality – product specifi cation’. Impurities such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide are capped at levels
NPL Gas Reference Materials Accrediation Quality Management team
that will guarantee the hydrogen is compatible with standard modern fuel cells and does not poison the sensitive catalysts. The maximum combined argon and nitrogen concentration is also specifi ed to avoid the long-term accumulation of these inert air gases in the fuel cell which would result in a potentially dangerous loss of vehicle power.
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In patient healthcare, as has been highlighted by the many thousands of respiratory treatment cases caused by Covid-19 worldwide, oxygen is also used extensively as a medical therapy. It is directly inhaled by vulnerable people and its purity must be tightly controlled. In this medical application, there are also rigorous standards set by the main international Pharmacopeia which govern the production, identifi cation and assay of medical
,
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