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13 Hong, S. H., & Jeon, H. G. (2022). Monitoring the Conditions of Hydraulic Oil with Integrated Oil Sensors in Construction Equipment. Lubricants, 10(11), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ lubricants10110278


14 Understanding varnish contamination in rotating equipment – and how to solve it effectively. (n.d.). Pall. https://www.pall.com/en/oil-gas/blog/varnish-in-oil.html


15 Corporation, N. (2012, February 27). How Dielectric Instruments Can Aid Oil Analysis. Machinery Lubrication. https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28778/dielectric- instruments-oil-analysis


16 Dynapar. (2018, March 9). Vibration Analysis and Vibration Monitoring. https://www.dynapar. com/technology/vibration-analysis/


17 Vibration Analysis & Monitoring | Auricle Vibration Services Private Limited. (2019, February 1). Auricle Vibration Services Private Limited. https://www.auricle.in/services/vibration-analysis- and-vibration-monitoring/


18 Fitch, J. (2024, January 23). How Vibration and Oil Analysis compare and contrast | Machinery Lubrication. Machinery Lubrication. https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/32579/


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19 Zamorano, M., Avila, D., Marichal, G. N., & Castejon, C. (2022). Data Preprocessing for Vibration Analysis: Application in Indirect Monitoring of ‘Ship Centrifuge Lube Oil Separation Systems.’ Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(9), 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jmse10091199


20 What is soft computing - Javatpoint. (n.d.). www.javatpoint.com. https://www.javatpoint.com/ what-is-soft-computing


21 Pourramezan, M. R., Rohani, A., Siavash, N. K., & Zarein, M. (2021). Evaluation of lubricant condition and engine health based on soft computing methods. Neural Computing and Applications, 34(7), 5465–5477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06688-y


22 Pourramezan, M. R., Rohani, A., & Abbaspour-Fard, M. H. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Soft Computing Models for Predicting Viscosity in Diesel Engine Lubricants: An Alternative Approach to Condition Monitoring. ACS Omega. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c07780


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Author Contact Details Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY11742 USA • Email: rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web: www.koehlerinstrument.com


TALKING POINT Final talks for global plastic treaty collapse over reducing production


The long-awaited global treaty to tackle plastic pollution has failed to materialize after more than two years of negotiations, with the fi nal session in Busan, South Korea, ending in gridlock. Delegates from over 200 nations gathered in what was meant to be the decisive fi fth round of talks, but sharp divisions—particularly over a proposed cap on plastic production—proved insurmountable.


Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time, threatening ecosystems, human health, and livelihoods. The voices of the most affected regions have also been critical in shaping the negotiations. The Pacifi c Islands, among the areas hardest hit by plastic pollution, have consistently pushed for stronger interventions. These communities, disproportionately impacted by the triple threats of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, are demanding that the treaty prioritize ambitious measures to safeguard their livelihoods. Their advocacy underscores the global inequities of the crisis: while contributing minimally to plastic waste, they face devastating consequences from its proliferation. Human rights experts have also weighed in, advocating for transparency, accountability, and the inclusion of vulnerable groups in treaty provisions. They warn that without explicit protections, developing nations may bear an undue share of responsibility for managing the global plastic scourge. Measures such as mandatory producer contributions to a global fund and safeguards for waste pickers— who collect 60% of recycled plastics globally—are seen as essential to ensuring a fair and just transition.


UN Secretary-General António Guterres has called for a treaty that is “ambitious, credible, and just,” urging negotiators to seize the opportunity to transform the world’s consumption and production patterns. He emphasized that solutions must


address the full lifecycle of plastics, from reducing production and phasing out single-use plastics to improving waste management and promoting alternatives. Guterres warned that failure to act decisively could entrench existing inequalities, shifting the burden of pollution onto vulnerable communities and future generations.


The fundamental disagreement centered on whether or not Article 6 of the treaty draft should feature legally binding commitments to reduce plastic production or only recommend increased rates of recycling. A coalition of nearly 100 so-called ‘high ambition’ countries, including the UK, the European Union, and the African Group, supported binding measures to reduce plastic production and phase out hazardous chemicals. In contrast, oil-producing nations like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Russia opposed restrictions on plastic production, arguing it would harm their economies. India, Saudi Arabia, and others argued that capping plastic production infringed on their development rights and could undermine economic stability. These nations resisted attempts to allow decision-making by majority vote, insisting on consensus for all treaty provisions.


Since 1950, over nine billion tons of plastic have been produced, with less than 10% recycled. This has resulted in millions of tons of plastic entering the oceans annually, posing grave risks to marine ecosystems and human health. Without intervention, plastic production could rise by 70% by 2040, with the amount of plastic entering oceans expected to triple.


Environmental groups and negotiators from affected regions, such as the Pacifi c Islands and African nations, have called for bold action. Ghana’s lead negotiator, Sam Adu-Kumi,


highlighted the devastating impact of plastic waste in his country, from clogged waterways to toxic fi res at dumping sites. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and other organizations have urged the high-ambition coalition to consider moving forward with a treaty independent of the opposing nations.


Nations are expected to reconvene next year, but with no clear path to consensus, the future of a legally binding global plastic treaty remains uncertain. For now, the world continues to grapple with the mounting crisis of plastic pollution, while the hope for a comprehensive solution hangs in the balance.


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