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www.petro-online.com/e-learning Sponsors: Determination of FAME content in biodiesel blends using SFC
With the recent events in the petroleum industry, supercritical fl uid chromatography (SFC) is being used to determine the total aromatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content in diesel fuels. ASTM D5186 is the standard test method being practiced for the aromatics found in diesel fuels. This test method cannot be used for fuels containing biodiesel, as the biodiesel interferes in the aromatic hydrocarbon concentration. However; many diesel fuels being used today contain an amount of biodiesel.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Aviation Turbine Fuels,
Gasoline and Diesel Fuels Experts in ASTM D6550 and ASTM D5186
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from biological material such as plant oils, animal fats, forest residues, algae and animal waste. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) has chemical characteristics similar to petroleum-based diesel fuel and any existing diesel engine can use biodiesel at blend levels of 5% by volume (B5) or lower as a direct substitute for pure diesel fuel without reducing vehicle fuel economy or cause engine failure. Biodiesel blend blended with petroleum diesel of B2 to B20 are most common. Even at the low blends of B1 or B2, biodiesel provides environmental benefi ts and greatly improves the lubricity of low-sulfur diesel fuel.
Fuel terminals and regulatory agencies pay attention to the concentration of biodiesel blended into the diesel fuel, as well as the aromatic content of the mixture to ensure that it meets regulatory limits. Supercritical fl uid chromatography is a natural technique to determine the group type separation.
ASTM method D5186 utilizes the interaction between silica gel particles and motor fuel components to separate particulates into compound classes using supercritical carbon dioxide as a mobile phase and fl ame ionization detection (FID). The separation occurs at a constant temperature and pressure as the fuel moves through the packed silica gel column. The fuel components interact with the silica gel particles according to the functionality of molecular classes, thus grouping the fuel into three compound classes: non-aromatics, mono-aromatics and polynuclear aromatics. The same principle applies to biodiesel/diesel blended fuels separating the mixture into four compound classes: FAMEs, non-aromatics, mono-aromatics and polynuclear aromatics.
Series 4000 SFC in compliance with ASTM D5186 (an established alternative solution to ASTM D1319) and ASTM D6550
Biofuel is a mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters ranging typically from C14 to C24, a single FAME peak is desired for this separation. In order to achieve this goal, a backfl ush of the biodiesel region is required, therefore; two silica columns will be coupled in series for this method. A small 5-centimeter silica gel column will be the fi rst in the series followed by a 50-centimeter silica gel column. The blended fuel will be injected directly onto the two columns allowing the diesel fuel to quickly pass through the 5 cm column to the 50 cm column while the FAME remains on the 5 cm column. Once the diesel has passed through the 5 cm column, the valve will be actuated to back fl ush the FAMEs from the short column to the detector. The valve will then be actuated back to the original position allowing for the diesel to separate into the three compound classes, as is done in ASTM D5186. Due to the backfl ush step and the oxygen on the FAMEs, an external calibration must be performed to obtain the total FAME concentration. Once the FAME content is known, it will be subtracted from the aromatics and the total aromatic and polynuclear aromatic compounds can be calculated.
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