Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology Table 2. Likert Scale Responses of Nurses to Survey Questions Regarding the CATH TAG
All Included Wards/Units
Study Outcome Question
Primary: Use of device It was easy for me to use the CATH TAG. Primary: Use of device I received sufficient training to use the CATH TAG. Primary: Use of device I integrated the CATH TAG in my daily routine. The CATH TAG was helpful in my daily routine.
Secondary: Effectiveness
Secondary: Effectiveness
Secondary: Effectiveness
Secondary: Effectiveness
Secondary: Effectiveness
Secondary: Ownership
Secondary: Ownership
The CATH TAG was helpful in reminding me to check the need for ongoing catheterisation.
I trust the CATH TAG to remind me in time to check on catheters.
I think the CATH TAG decreased my workload. I would like to use the CATH TAG in future. Patients asked me about the CATH TAG
Patients notified me about the CATH TAG changing from green to red or from red to green.
Note. SD, standard deviation; ICU, intensive care unit. ICU Non ICU N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD P Value
82 4.38 0.780 19 4.53 0.697 63 4.33 0.803 .348 82 3.55 1.209 19 3.79 1.182 63 3.48 1.216 .333 82 3.50 1.136 19 2.84 1.302 63 3.70 1.010 .003 82 3.18 1.278 19 2.26 1.368 63 3.46 1.119 <.001
82 3.41 1.396 19 2.26 1.447 63 3.76 1.187 <.001 82 3.41 1.324 19 2.37 1.300 63 3.73 1.167 <.001 82 2.78 1.166 19 2.11 1.197 63 2.98 1.085 .003 82 3.33 1.176 19 2.53 1.264 63 3.57 1.043 <.001 82 2.01 1.242 19 1.11 0.315 63 2.29 1.288 <.001 82 1.78 1.217 19 1.05 0.229 63 2.00 1.308 .002
429
Fig. 1. Proportion of patients with a urinary catheter dur- ing the baseline (no CATH TAG) and intervention (CATH TAG) phases of the study. X axis: days since insertion; Y axis: proportion of patients with catheter. Legend: Blue line indicates the proportion of patients with a catheter during the control (baseline phase). Green line indicates the proportion of patients with a catheter during the control (baseline phase). All participants refers to the data from all wards participating in the study. Excluding ICU refers to all wards in the study, excluding the intensive care unit.
calculated Cronbach’s α. The overall approach used to analyze the qualitative data from the focus groups can best be described as a ‘thematic coding approach.’5 However, in this study, we also grouped data into a number of predetermined topics, established by the study’s research questions and objectives, before they were inductively coded using the thematic coding approach in NVivo software (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia).
Sample size and power estimation Our sample size calculation was based on being able to detect a dif- ference of 20% relative risk (10% absolute risk) reduction in cath- eterization, using a stepped-wedge design.3
Results Participants
Hospital participants During the study period, 1,167 patients had a urinary catheter on the study wards and were included in our study (Table 1).
The median age for the study group was 65 years (range, 16–103 years), and 45% of participants were female.
Nurse participants In total, 82 nurses completed the online survey, representing an esti- mated 27% response rate. The completion rate was 100%; that is, all respondents who started the survey completed it fully. The median age for the study group was 33 years (range, 19–75), and 77 partic- ipants (93.9%) were female. In addition, 63 participants (76.8%) worked outside the ICU. Additional information regarding respon- dents is provided in the Supplementary Table S3 online. The focus group was composed of 5 nurses (age range, 28–74 years). All were female, andthey worked in a variety of wards, including subacute, sur- gical, infection control, and oncology.
Catheter duration The duration of catheterization was slightly lower in patients for whom the CATH TAG was used (hazard ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–1.14; P=.75). The mean duration in the control and intervention phases was 5.51 days (95% CI,
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