296
included studies conducted prior to the most recent CDC and WHO SSI prevention guidelines. As such, our review will need to be updated as new guidelines, including updated prevention measures are published. Third, we limited our search to studies published in English, Spanish, and French and may have missed important studies published in other languages. Nevertheless, the studies we did identify represented a wide geographic distribu- tion, a variety of surgical procedures, and a range of SSI prevention measures, making our results applicable in diverse settings. Finally, only 8 studies 31,45,59,78,79,91,96,121 met the EPOC criteria of an acceptable-quality study design, limiting our ability to draw causal inferences or definitive conclusions. Despite these limitations, we believe this review complements
clinical practice guidelines and fills an important gap in the existing SSI literature by organizing a broad range of strategies into a practical framework that can be used to enhance the adoption of evidence-based practices and accelerate efforts to reduce SSI.
Supplementary material. To view supplementary material for this article, please visit
https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.355
Author ORCIDs. Promise Ariyo, 0000-0002-7518-3492
Acknowledgements. The authors wish to thank Christine Holzmueller, BLA, and Claire Levine, MS, ELS, for their editorial help, as well as Tomas Allen (WHOHeadquarters Library) for advice on the systematic reviewsearch strategy.
Financial support. This reviewwas conducted for the purpose of informing the development of implementation resources associated with the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections. We received no funding to perform this research.
Conflicts of interest. All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
References
1. Kirkland KB, Briggs JP, Trivette SL, Wilkinson WE, Sexton DJ. The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:725–730.
2. Gaynes RP, Culver DH, Horan TC, Edwards JR, Richards C, Tolson JS. Surgical site infection (SSI) rates in the United States, 1992–1998: the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System basic SSI risk index. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33 Suppl 2:S69–S77.
3. Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-Associated Infection Worldwide. World Health Organization website.
http://apps.who.int.ezp.
welch.jhmi.edu/iris/bitstream/10665/80135/1/9789241501507_eng.pdf. Published 2011. Accessed July 2017.
4. Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2011;377:228–241.
5. Graf K, Ott E, Vonberg RP, et al. Surgical site infections–economic consequences for the health care system. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011;396: 453–459.
6. de Lissovoy G, Fraeman K, Hutchins V, Murphy D, Song D, Vaughn BB. Surgical site infection: incidence and impact on hospital utilization and treatment costs. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:387–397.
7. European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control.Healthcare-associated infections: surgical site infections. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2015. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
8. Berrios-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, et al. Centers for disease control and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infec- tion, 2017. JAMA Surg 2017;152:784–791.
Promise T. Ariyo et al
9. Global Guidelines on the prevention of surgical site infection, 2016. World Health Organization website.
http://www.who.int/infection-prevention/ publications/ssi-prevention-guidelines/en/. Published 2016. Accessed August 23, 2017.
10. Allegranzi B, Zayed B, Bischoff P, et al. New WHO recommendations on intraoperative and postoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention: an evidence-based global perspective. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16:e288–e303.
11. Allegranzi B, Bischoff P, de Jonge S, et al. NewWHOrecommendations on preoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention: an evidence- based global perspective. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:e276–e287.
12. Guidelines for safe surgery, 2009. World Health Organization website.
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44185/9789241598552_eng. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Published 2009. Accessed December 15, 2018.
13. Davis D, Evans M, Jadad A, et al. The case for knowledge translation: shortening the journey from evidence to effect. BMJ 2003;327:33–35.
14. Pronovost PJ, Murphy DJ, Needham DM. The science of translating research into practice in intensive care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1463–1464.
15. Leaper DJ, Tanner J, Kiernan M, Assadian O, Edmiston CE Jr. Surgical site infection: poor compliance with guidelines and care bundles. Int Wound J 2015;12:357–362.
16. Grol R. Improving the quality of medical care: building bridges among professional pride, payer profit, and patient satisfaction. JAMA 2001; 286:2578–2585.
17. Gagliardi AR, Brouwers MC, Palda VA, Lemieux-Charles L, Grimshaw JM. How can we improve guideline use? A conceptual framework of imple- mentability. Implement Sci 2011;6:26.
18. Pronovost PJ, Berenholtz SM, Needham DM. Translating evidence into practice: a model for large scale knowledge translation. BMJ 2008; 337:a1714.
19. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2725–2732.
20. DePalo VA, McNicoll L, Cornell M, Rocha JM, Adams L, Pronovost PJ. The Rhode Island ICU collaborative: a model for reducing central line- associated bloodstream infection and ventilator-associated pneumonia statewide. Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19:555–561.
21. Hong AL, Sawyer MD, Shore A, et al. Decreasing central-line-associated bloodstream infections in Connecticut intensive care units. J Healthc Qual 2013;35:78–87.
22. Berenholtz SM, Pham JC, Thompson DA, et al. Collaborative cohort study of an intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in the inten- sive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:305–314.
23. Berenholtz SM, Lubomski LH, Weeks K, et al. Eliminating central line- associated bloodstream infections: a national patient safety imperative. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35:56–62.
24. Streiff MB, Carolan HT, Hobson DB, et al. Lessons from the Johns Hopkins Multi-Disciplinary Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prevention Collaborative. BMJ 2012;344:e3935.
25. Needham DM, Korupolu R, Zanni JM, et al. Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure: a quality improve- ment project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:536–542.
26. Septimus E, Yokoe DS, Weinstein RA, Perl TM, Maragakis LL, Berenholtz SM. Maintaining the momentumof change: the role of the 2014 updates to the compendium in preventing healthcare-associated infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35 Suppl 2:S6–S9.
27. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20: 250–280.
28. World Bank countries and lending groups. World Bank website. http://
data.worldbank.org/income-level/low-income. Published 2015. Accessed August 21, 2018.
29. What study designs should be included in anEPOCreview?EPOCresources for review authors, 2017. Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132
