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Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology


6. Lenz R, Leal JR, Church DL, Gregson DB, Ross T, Laupland KB. The distinct category of healthcare associated bloodstream infections. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:85.


7. Taylor G, Gravel D, Matlow A, et al. Assessing the magnitude and trends in hospital acquired infections in Canadian hospitals through sequential point prevalence surveys. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016;5:19.


8. Gastmeier P, Brauer H, Sohr D, et al. Converting incidence and prevalence data of nosocomial infections: results from eight hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:31–35.


9. Freeman J, Hutchison GB. Prevalence, Incidence and duration. Am J Epidemiol 1980;112:707–723.


10. Beyersmann J, Gastmeier P, Wolkewitz M, Schumacher M. An easy mathematical proof showed that time-dependent bias inevitably leads to biased effect estimation. J Clin Epidemiol 2008;61:1216–1221.


11. Fortin E, Rocher I, Frenette C, Tremblay C, Quach C. Healthcare- associated bloodstream infections secondary to a urinary focus: the Quebec provincial surveillance results. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33:456–462.


12. Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of healthcare-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:309–332.


13. SPIN-BACTOT. Résultats de surveillance 2016–2017. Quebec: Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ); 2017.


14. Ayanian JZ, Weissman JS. Teaching hospitals and quality of care: a review of the literature. Milbank Qtrly 2002;80:25.


15. Scheckler WE, Bobula JA, Beamsley MB, Hadden ST. Bloodstream infections in a community hospital: a 25-year follow-up. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:936–941.


16. Buetti N, Marschall J, Atkinson A, Kronenberg A, Swiss Centre for Antibiotic R. National bloodstream infection surveillance in Switzerland 2008–2014: different patterns and trends for university and community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1060–1067.


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17. Tong EN, Clements AC, Haynes MA, Jones MA, Morton AP, Whitby M. Improved hospital-level risk adjustment for surveillance of healthcare- associated bloodstream infections: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:145.


18. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:11.


19. Campagne québécoise des soins sécuritaires. https://www.inspq.qc.ca/expe rtises/maladies-infectieuses/infections-nosocomiales-et-risques-infectieux-en- milieu-de-soins/les-infections-nosocomiales/campagne-soins-securitaires. Accessed June 28, 2018.


20. Nielsen SL, Pedersen C, Jensen TG, Gradel KO, Kolmos HJ, Lassen AT. Decreasing incidence rates of bacteremia: a 9-year population- based study. J Infect 2014;69:51–59.


21. Skogberg K, Lyytikainen O, Ollgren J, Nuorti JP, Ruutu P. Population- based burden of bloodstream infections in Finland. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:E170–E176.


22. Sogaard M, Norgaard M, Dethlefsen C, Schonheyder HC. Temporal changes in the incidence and 30-day mortality associated with bacteremia in hospitalized patients from 1992 through 2006: a population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:61–69.


23. Uslan DZ, Crane SJ, Steckelberg JM, et al. Age- and sex-associated trends in bloodstream infection: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:6.


24. Valles J, Calbo E, Anoro E, et al. Bloodstream infections in adults: importance of healthcare-associated infections. J Infect 2008;56:27–34.


25. Li L, Fortin E, Tremblay C, Ngenda-Muadi M, Quach C. Central-line– associated bloodstream infections in Quebec intensive care units: results from the provincial healthcare-associated infections surveillance program (SPIN). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1186–1194.


26. Inpatient Hospitalizations: Volumes, Length of Stay and Standardized Rates. Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI); 2018. HAS5.


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