References 1


http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/ marijuana-overview.aspx


2 3 4 5 Ibid. 21 U.S.C. §811 Raich v. Gonzales, 125 S. Ct. 2195 (2005).


The Court in Raich held that the “application of Controlled Substances Act (CSA) provisions criminalizing manufacture, distribution, or possession of marijuana to intrastate growers and users of marijuana for medical purposes, as otherwise authorized by California Compassionate Use Act (CUA), did not exceed Congress’ authority under Commerce Clause; prohibition of intrastate growth and use of marijuana was rationally related to regulation of intrastate commerce in marijuana. Ibid. See also U.S.C.A. Const. Art. 1, §8, cl. 3; Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, §§ 401(a)(1), 404(a), 21 U.S.C.A. §§ 841(a)(1), 844(a); West’s Ann. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11362.5.


6


http://www.reno.gov/government/municipal-court/ specialty-courts-and-programs


7 8 9


State v. Sykes, 182 Wash. 2d 168 (2014) https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/238527.pdf


See (https://www.nij.gov/topics/courts/drug-courts/Pages/ welcome.aspx) which now includes over 3,000 programs found in every state, four territories, and over twenty countries.


10 11 http://dsamh.utah.gov/pdf/SAMHSA%20MAT.pdf


S. B., & Roman, J. K. et al. (2011). The Multi-Site Adult Drug Court Evaluation: The Impact of Drug Courts. (Vol. 4), Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute.


12 13 Ibid.


“NADCP includes over 3,000 programs found in every state, four territories, and over twenty countries.” See (https://www.nadcp.org/about/)


14 15 https://www.bja.gov/Default.aspx


http://www.wfad.se/latest-news/1-articles/2397- nadcp-releases-position-statement-on-marijuana; see also https://www.globenewswire.com/news-re lease/2013/07/10/559279/10039706/en/NADCP- Conference-to-Host-World-s-Largest-Gathering-on- Addiction-Mental-Health-the-Justice-System.html


16


https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted- treatment/treatment


17


Friedman, S., et al. (2015). Medication-Assisted Treatment in Drug Courts, Recommended Strategies.


18


There are three drugs approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid dependence: buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone. All three of these treatments have been demonstrated to be safe and effective in combination with counseling and psychosocial support. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/ information-about-medication-assisted-treatment-mat


19


Rossman, S. B., et al., “Final Report, Volume 2: The Multi-Site Adult Drug Court Evaluation: What’s Happening with Drug Courts? A Portrait of Adult Drug Courts 2004” (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, June 2011), p. 27.; http:// nij.gov/topics/courts/drug-courts/Pages/madce.aspx; https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/237110.pdf


20


https://jpo.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/11204/803/ FAQ_State%20Medical%20Marijuana%20Legislation%20 and%20Relevant%20Drug%20Court%20Policies. pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y


39 40 41 22 23 21


Darrell W. PHILLIPS, Appellant v. STATE of Mississippi, Appellee, Court of Appeals of Mississippi. Jan. 12, 2010; State v. Woodard, No. A-5980-09T1., Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division, Not selected for Publication, (September 23, 2011); EVANS v. STATE, 293 Ga. App. 371 (2008) (Ga. App. 8/22/08).


http://www.courts.state.ny.us/REPORTER/3dseri es/2010/2010_02880.htm


No. D056735 (Court of Appeals of California, Fourth District, Division One, March 15, 2011) UNPUBLISHED


24


People v. Schuller Court of Appeal, Fifth District, California. November 21, 2013 Not Reported in Cal.Rptr.3d 2013 WL 6124336


25 26 27 28


State v. Nelson, 346 Mont. 366 (2008). Ibid.


United States v. Friel, 699 F. Supp. 2d 328 (Dist. ME 2010). People v. Bianco, 93 Cal. App. 4th 748 (2002). 29 Commonwealth v. Vargas, 475 Mass. 86 (2015). Ibid.


30 31


People v. Leal, 210 Cal. App. 4th 829 (2012); But see People v. Tilehkooh, 113 Cal. App. 4th 1433 (2003).


32


Ibid. at 840; see seminal case of People v. Lent, 15 Cal. 3d 481 (1975).


33 34 35 36


People v. Stanton, 60 Misc. 3d 1020 (County Ct. NY 2018) Nelson, supra.


People v. Mulcrevy, 233 Cal. App. 4th 127 (2014).


State v. Hancock, 237 Ariz. 125 (2015); Reed-Kaliher v. Hoggatt, 237 Ariz. 119 (2015).


37 38 Reed-Kaliher, supra.


UNPUBLISHED January 12, 2017 v No. 327798 Oakland Circuit Court, LC No. 2014-252567-FH;


http://publicdocs.courts.mi.gov/opinions/final/ coa/20170112_c327798_52_327798.opn.pdf


Ibid. at 4. 65


https://www.dailypress.com/sns-bc-pa--medical- marijuana-probationers-20191008-story.html


42 43 44 IBID People v. Stanton, 860 Misc. 3d 1020 (2018)


People v. Pritchard, Not Reported in Cal.Rptr.3d, 2011 WL 701405; No. C064706. (Super. Ct.Nos. CRF090005765, CRF081202, March 1, 2011).


45 46 47


People v. Moret, 180 Cal. App. 4th 839, 848 (2009) Ibid.


Ibid.; see People v. Brooks, 182 Cal. App. 4th 1348, 1351 (2010)


48 49 50 51


State v. Fryer, 295 Or. App. 662 (2019) Ibid.


Raich, supra.


Leal, supra.; West’s Ann. Cal. Const. Art. 1, § 1; West’s Ann. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11362.5


52


People v. Fontana, 2019 WL 395647 Not Officially Published Cal App. (2019)


53


People v. Brooks, 182 Cal.App.4th 1348 Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 6, California., No. B216238. March 16, 2010.As Modified April 7, 2010.Review Denied June 30, 2010


66 61 62 60 55 54


The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” This amendment prohibits the federal government from imposing unduly harsh penalties on criminal defendants, either as the price for obtaining pretrial release or as punishment for crime after conviction. U.S.C.A. Const. Amend. 8; https://constitutioncenter.org/ interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-viii


People v. O’Neal, Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 2, California. October 3, 2018. Not Reported in Cal. Rptr. 2018 WL 4770757


56


Ibid. See also People v. Salinas, 2018 WL 4026024, Cal. App. 5 Dist., Aug. 23, 2018, unpublished/non citable (Aug 23, 2018), review granted (Dec 12, 2018)


57


https://www.courts.state.co.us/userfiles/file/Court_ Probation/Educational_Resources/2019/SC%20-%20 Canon%20City/19%2018SC84%20opening.pdf; https:// www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/2019/10/17/colorado- supreme-court-medical-marijuana-on-probation-2/


58 59 IBID


https://www.courts.state.co.us/userfiles/file/Court_ Probation/Educational_Resources/2019/SC%20-%20 Canon%20City/19%2018SC84%20opening.pdf; https:// www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/2019/10/17/colorado- supreme-court-medical-marijuana-on-probation-2/


http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_ displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=HSC&sectionN um=11362.795


https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2012/ Chapter369


United States v. Jackson, --- F. Supp. 3d --- (2019 WL 3239844 (June 2019))


63 64 Ibid.


“Congress extends state-legal medical cannabis programs’ protections timing”. Marijuana Business Daily. February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.


No. 15-10117 (9th Cir. 2016); https://cdn.ca9.uscourts. gov/datastore/opinions/2016/08/16/15-10117.pdf; Remanding to the district courts, the panel instructed that if DOJ wishes to continue these prosecutions, the appellants are entitled to evidentiary hearings to determine whether their conduct was completely authorized by state law. The panel wrote that in determining the appropriate remedy for any violation of § 542, the district courts should consider the temporal nature of the lack of funds along with the appellants’ rights to a speedy trial.


United States v. Harvey, 659 F. 3d 1272 (9th Cir. 2011); United States v. Jackson, 228 F. Supp. 3d 57 (D.C. 2017)


67 68 69


United States v. Schostag, 895 F. 3d 1025 (8th Cir. 2018) United States v. Arizaga, 2016 WL 7974826 (S.D. NY 2016)


http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical- marijuana-laws.aspx


70 71 72 Ibid.


https://www.dea.gov/controlled-substances-act Ibid.


www.datia.org


datia focus


45


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48