that different types of psychological stress altered the composi- tion of animal microbiota. Additionally, HPA axis activity, the marker of the stress response, is consistently increased in studies In short, research shows stress negatively effects the microbiota. On a positive note, studies that showed an exaggerated HPA axis activity also indicated the stress response normalized after commensal bacteria were introduced. This further endorses the concept of a bidirectional communica- state of the commensal bacteria and the commensal bacteria can
This is very important information for IBS sufferers, espe- cially understanding the role stress plays in IBS because the bidi- rectional interaction of the BGM axis has been implicated in IBS patients. According to the authors of The Intestinal Microbiota and Irritable Bowel Syndrome:
the intestinal microbiota can be related to the altered pain-modulation processes as well as with the psycho- logical, emotional, and behavioral disturbances often
This means the bidirectional communication between the
be It’s becoming clear that stress not only contributes to the six lead- the microbiota. Could this mean there is also a connecting link between microbiota balance and IBS symptoms?
Finding a Fundamental Connection Between IBS and Dysbiosis Every town community in the United States, and the world,
is usually rich with a diversity of characters, some good and some bad. If the town is suddenly overrun by the bad seeds, it corrupts the community. The same holds true for the microbial community living in each and every human gut. This community is full of a variety of beings with some good, and bad, characters. To keep the community healthy and happy the good guys need to keep the bad guys in check. However, if the shady characters create upheaval, it is the host – aka the human – that suffers.
There are three types of microbial characters. First, we have
human health – such as regulating bowel movements or enhanc- ing absorption of nutrients. Next is commensal bacteria which live in a symbiotic relationship with humans but may not create a and viruses actually harm human health. When probiotic and commensal bacteria can keep pathogens at bay while also keep- ing their own population under control, the microbiota is con- sidered healthy and in balance. However, if the pathogens start taking over, or there is overgrowth of commensal bacteria, the gut microbiota is considered to be in dysbiosis. It is this gut dysbiosis that may be the link connecting stress to the onset of IBS.
As mentioned previously, many studies have indicated stress can alter the gut microbiota and an altered gut microbiota, i.e. gut dysbiosis, can create stress on the body. Although there is not yet - genic species seen in IBS patients. Additionally, epidemiological observations have revealed a disruption of the microbiota – e.g. dysbiosis – often precedes development of IBS symptoms. Other
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- cally their stability and diversity, in IBS patients and IBS symptoms such as abdominal pain and bowel habits have been shown to be stress, it has been suggested that changes in the microbiota due to stress may pave the way for any subsequent IBS symptoms. This stress-induced gut dysbiosis can even be linked to each of the six contributing factors of IBS.
Linking Gut Dysbiosis to the Six Contributing Factors of IBS 1. Altered brain-gut function
There is direct evidence that bacteria in the human gut communicates with the brain via the enteric nervous system response and release of gut hormones. The gut-brain communica- tion can therefore effect and be affected by the microbiota. Addi- can control production of 5-HT, a key signaling substance in the function and IBS factors.
2. Abnormal gut motility The production of 5-HT is also important for gut motility.
One study found certain microbiota species typically found in a large intestine which, in turn, controlled gut motility. Additionally, by-products produced by the gut microbiota, such as short chain fatty acids, can regulate movement through the digestive tract. A healthy gut microbiota can better regulate bowel movements, something IBS sufferers struggle with. Another possible sign of dysbiosis is increased volumes of methane gas in the intestinal tract which is produced by a species called Methanogens. Meth- ane has been shown to reduce gut transit time, and, not surpris- ingly, this gas has been found in high volumes in IBS patients who suffer constipation.
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