A Timeline of Britain


Above: The ruins of Wingfield Manor in Derbyshire, built for the Chancellor of England in 1450. Right: The nave of Sherborne Abbey in Dorset, with fan- vaulted roof in the Perpendicular style


although outnumbered three to one, pulled off a spectacular victory against the French at Agincourt in 1415. Nor was Henry simply a warrior king. He was also a


tireless and competent administrator who held together Parliament despite the strains his campaigns put on the treasury. Following the Treaty of Troyes with the Burgundians that recognised him as heir to the French throne in 1420, he displayed further diplomatic nous by marrying Catherine, daughter of the French King Charles VI. Henry, it seemed, would reach for the stars. But he was


tragically smitten by dysentery when on campaign in France in 1422 and died before his 35th birthday. Worse, his heir, Henry VI, was not yet nine months old. A regency council was established, while the widowed queen, Catherine,


CHRONOLOGY 1399–1413 Reign of Henry IV


1400 Richard II dies in Pontefract Castle


Henry IV Richard ll 1400 Glyndwr’s banner


1400–09 Owain Glyndwr leads a Welsh revolt against the English, continuing guerrilla warfare until his death c1416


82 BRITAIN


1413 Foundation of St Andrews, Scotland’s first university – modern students have included Prince William and his bride-to-be, Kate Middleton


1413–22 Reign of Henry V


1420 By the Treaty of Troyes Henry V becomes heir to the French throne


Henry V


1403 Percy family rebellion. Henry ‘Hotspur’ is killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury


1414 Rebel Lollards – followers of the ‘heretic’ church reformer John Wycliffe (c. 1330–1384) – are defeated by Henry V


Morning of The Battle of Agincourt


1415 Henry V defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt


1422–61 Reign of Henry VI. Deposed in 1461, he is restored 1470–71, before being deposed again


1450 Jack Cade’s rebellion against war taxation and corruption is suppressed


sought solace in the arms of a Welsh squire, Owen Tudor – a secret marriage that was to have dramatic repercussions. As Henry VI grew up, it became clear that he was too


pious and gentle for 15th-century kingship. The French, galvanised by Joan of Arc, reversed the stunning land gains of Henry’s father until England eventually held just Calais. This was a loss of face that Henry’s marital alliance with Margaret of Anjou, the feisty niece of Charles VII, did nothing to improve.


1450


Joan of Arc’s signature


1431 Joan of Arc is burned at the stake in Rouen


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