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SUMMARY xxv


If the objective is to assist poor and vulnerable households regardless of their occupation, a different type of measure should be considered. A wide variety of safety net programs have been established in developing coun- tries with the goal of reducing poverty. Targeted food subsidies make sub- sidized food available to selected households either geographically, through low-priced shops located in poor neighborhoods, or through some form of ration card that entitles the bearer to purchase food at subsidized prices. Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia have attempted to introduce targeting into food subsidy programs. Labor-intensive public works programs usually combine infrastructure development (such as road building) with hiring policies to maximize their pro-poor impact. If designed well, they can improve com- munity infrastructure and provide assistance to the poorest households with able-bodied members. Conditional cash transfer programs have generated considerable interest in the past 10–15 years. These programs provide cash grants to households that comply with certain requirements, usually keeping children in school, attending health clinics, or receiving pre- and postnatal care. Conditional cash transfers serve a dual purpose: providing assistance to poor households and encouraging investments in human capital that reduce the chance that poverty will be transmitted to the next generation.


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