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INDEX 221


Land, 138. See also Factor markets Langley, S., 49


Least developing countries (LDCs), 7, 34, 183 Lebanon: agricultural exports of, 14t, 16t; agricultural imports of, 15t; conflicts in, 8; economic growth in, 7–8; economic reforms in, 25; effects of agricultural price increases, 50t; incomes of, 38; irrigation in, 11; Syrian intervention in, 135; tariff rates of, 25; trade agreements of, 148; trade restrictions of, 27; urbanization rates in, 9; WTO status of, 29t


Livestock: in Egypt, 74, 77, 78, 80; tariff rates on, 25, 26t; in Tunisia, 101, 103t. See also Dairy products; Meat Lofgren, H., 63, 64 Lokshin, M., 64–65, 173, 180 Lorca, C. A., 60


Low-income food-deficit countries, 7, 7n


MAcMap-HS6 databases, 47, 174 Maize: imports of, 137, 166; production of, 68–69, 135, 166. See also Cereals Marketing monopolies, 95–96, 138, 142 Martin, W., 55–56 Maskus, K. E., 58, 59


Mauritania, Arab Maghreb Union and, 37–38 McCulloch, N., 52 McKay, A., 52


Meat: imports of, 14; production of, 12t. See also Livestock


MENA. See Middle East and North Africa Mercantilism, 41, 191 Mevel, S., 54, 56


Mexico: Procampo program of, 201; Progresa Program of, 204


Middle East and North Africa (MENA): agricultural trade patterns of, 18–19, 20–21t, 182–84; agriculture in economies of, 7–11; comparative advantages of, xxiii, 196; countries in region, 4n; economic growth in, xvii, 2, 3t, 7–8, 38, 182; inter- national trade ratio to GDP in, 3; poverty rates in, 3t, 9; similarities among countries, 182; transportation in, xxii, 58, 194. See also individual countries Milk. See Dairy products


MIRAGE (Modeling International Relationships in Applied General Equilibrium) model, 47–48, 54, 174, 175–76, 177–78, 180 Morocco: agricultural employment in, 11; agricultural exports of, 14, 14t, 16t, 166; agricultural imports of, 13, 15t, 44, 165, 166, 173; agricultural policies of, xxi, 165, 167–69; agricultural production in, 166; climate of, 166; dam construction


in, 167; economic growth in, 8; economic reforms in, xxi, 168–69; effects of agricultural price increases, 50t; effects of trade liberalization, 59, 60, 61–62, 63–65; incomes in, 165; irrigation in, 13, 167; labor markets in, 65; poverty in, 171–72; price controls in, 167, 169; structural adjustment program in, 168–69; subsidies in, 45, 165, 173; tariff rates of, 25, 43; taxation in, 22; trade agreements of, xviii, xxi, 34, 36–37, 40, 72, 165, 169–71; trade liberalization effects on poverty in, xxi, 172–79, 176t, 179t, 180; trade policies of, 22, 23, 25–27, 63–65, 165, 178; trading partners of, 18, 34, 170–71; unilateral trade liberalization by, 63–65; urbanization in, 9, 172; WTO membership of, 29t


Morocco Living Standard Survey, 173 Muaz, S., 33


Mubarak, Hosni, 67


Multi-Fiber Arrangement, 14, 101 Multilateral agreements, 31, 52–56, 185, 186. See also Global trade liberalization; World Trade Organization


Net-food-importing developing countries, 7, 7n, 41, 191–92


Nontariff barriers (NTBs): benefits of removal of, 58, 64; conversion to tariffs, 28; of Middle East and North African countries, 27; negotiated reductions in, 28, 37; quantitative restrictions, 28, 144–45, 146t; in Syria, 144–47, 146t; of Tunisia, 109–10; for wheat, 43 Normile, M. A., 49 NTBs. See Nontariff barriers


OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Oil: exporters of, 4, 50–51, 135; prices of, 71, 135


Oil for Food program, 135 Oliva, M., 22


Olive oil: production of, 12t, 13; Tunisian exports of, 13, 14, 101, 111, 123 Oman: free trade agreement with United States, 34; Gulf Cooperation Council and, 38


Orden, D., 54, 56


Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): agricultural exports of, 42; agricultural support policies of members of, xviii, xxiii, 43, 44–45, 46–47, 48; tariff rankings of, 19, 22; trade restrictions of, 23t


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