INDEX 219
Distributional impact of trade liberalization, 62, 64–65, 173–74, 186. See also Trade liberalization, effects on poverty Djibouti: agricultural exports of, 14t, 16t; agricultural imports of, 15t; effects of agricultural price increases, 50, 50t, 54; poverty rates in, 9; urbanization rates in, 9; U.S. trade preferences for, xviii, 35, 40, 184; WTO membership of, 29t, 32 Doha Round, 30, 54
Domestic market liberalization: benefits of, 41, 53, 55, 66, 185; of cotton, 48; crop diversification and, 200; effects on agricultural prices, 48, 192
EBA. See Everything But Arms
Economic growth: in Egypt, 67; in Middle East and North Africa region, xvii, 2, 3t, 7–8, 38, 182; in Morocco, 8; in Syria, 135; in Tunisia, 7–8, 100
Education levels, poverty and, 115, 151–52, 171–72
EFTA. See European Free Trade Association Egypt: agricultural exports of, 14, 14t, 16t, 43, 67, 69; agricultural imports of, 13, 15t, 42–43, 44, 69, 70, 71t, 91; agricultural policies of, 67, 69–70, 84; agricultural production in, 13, 67, 68–69, 86, 87t; benefits of trade liberalization for, 58, 59, 60, 61–62; climate of, 68; consumption patterns in, 82, 83t; cotton exports of, 13, 14, 45, 69, 88; economic growth of, 67; economic reforms in, 25, 67, 70; effects of agricultural price increases, 50, 50t, 83–94, 93t, 95; food subsidies in, 13, 45, 69, 70, 91, 203; household distribution in, 73, 74t; incomes in, 67, 96; income sources of households in, 77–82, 78t, 79t, 81t; irrigation in, 11, 68; poverty in, 73–77, 75t, 76t, 95–96; rural households in, 73–82; rural nonfarm economy in, 77–80, 78t, 79t; sugar production in, 90, 91, 91t; tariff rates of, 25, 71, 71t, 72; taxation in, 22; textile industry of, 14, 69; trade agreements of, 36–37, 40, 71, 72, 169; trade liberalization effects on poverty in, xix–xx, 83–94, 93t, 95, 186–87; trade policies of, xviii, 22, 27, 70–71, 94, 95, 197; trading partners of, 34, 69; unemployment in, 9; Upper and Lower, 73, 74; urbanization in, 73, 96; wheat imports of, 13, 42–43, 69, 84, 94; wheat prices in, 84–85; wheat production in, 68–69, 84–85, 85t; WTO membership of, 29t, 32 Egypt Integrated Household Survey, xix, 73, 75, 77, 86, 96–97
Egypt-Tunisia Free Trade Agreement, 72–73 Egypt-Turkey Free Trade Agreement, 73 El-Said, M., 64 EMAAs. See European Union–Mediterranean Association Agreements
EMP. See Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Employment, agricultural, 10t, 11. See also Labor; Unemployment E.U.. See European Union
Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP), 32–34, 39, 62, 183. See also European Union– Mediterranean Association Agreements European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 113, 169
European Union (E.U.): agricultural exports of, 42, 110, 111, 150; agricultural support policies of, 43, 44, 45–46, 111, 201; agricultural trade with, 18, 33–34, 69, 137; common agricultural policy of, 111, 201; cotton exports of, 45; decoupled payments to farmers, 201; Doha Round negotiations and, 30; Everything But Arms initiative of, xviii, 34, 35, 40, 184; export subsidies of, 111; sanitary and phytosanitary regulations of, 193; tariff rates of, 44–45; trade agreements of, 176–77; trade barriers of, 195
European Union–Mediterranean Association Agreements (EMAAs), xviii, 32–34; agricultural trade and, xxii–xxiii, 170, 195; benefits of, 58–63, 194–95; of Egypt, 71, 72; of Jordan, 62–63; of Morocco, xxi, 165, 169, 170; motives for, 27; provisions of, 39, 183; scholarship on, 58–63; of Syria, 149–50, 150t; of Tunisia, 111–12
Everything But Arms (EBA) initiative, xviii, 34, 35, 40, 184
Exchange rate policies: Egyptian, 70, 71; Syrian, 145–47
Exports. See Agricultural exports
Factor markets, xxiv, 65, 197–98. See also Labor
FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization Feraboli, O., 62–63, 65
Fertilizers: subsidies for, 29; Syrian imports of, 139, 141; use in Egypt, 68 Fetini, H., 154, 160, 163
Food: prices of, 18; taxation of, 105. See also Agricultural prices; Subsidies, food; specific commodities
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 7n, 148
Food imports: dependence on, 17–18, 68; of Egypt, 68, 69, 70; in Middle East and North
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