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AGRICULTURE, TRADE, AND POVERTY IN EGYPT 97


questionnaire was administered by a male interviewer to the male head of household (who, it is assumed, knows the most about nonfood household expenses); similarly, the female questionnaire was administered by a female interviewer to (most typically) the wife of the head of the household (who, it is assumed, knows more about household eating habits and food expenses). The male questionnaire contains most of the sections that deal with sources of income and large expenses, while the female questionnaire contains the sections focusing on information and expenditures related to tending to the household, including eating patterns, health care, and smaller, more frequent expenses.


The questionnaire was administered to 2,500 households from 20 gover- norates using a two-stage, stratified selection process. The sample frame used for the selection process was supplied by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and was based on the 1986 Egypt cen- sus and a 1993 listing of households in selected primary sampling units. This sample frame is used by CAPMAS as a master sample for most of its survey work. It consists of 492 sampling units, 296 of which are urban, while 196 are rural.


Income Calculation


Income was calculated as the sum of net revenues from the following sources: crop production, livestock production, wages, nonfarm enterprises, transfers, and other income. The net income from each crop was calculated as the value of production minus the cost of production. It covers all commodities, including by-products and home consumption. Crop production expenses (for seeds, fertilizer, chemical insecticides, labor, utilities, storage, transporta- tion, equipment rental, and other items) were deducted to derive net crop income. Payments to landlords were also excluded from income. Livestock income included income for all types of animals and by-products. Livestock pro- duction expenses (for feeds, veterinary services, and labor) were deducted to derive net livestock income. Meat home consumption was also included as part of income. Because of uncertainty about how to calculate wage rates accurately among family members, no value was imputed for the family labor involved in crop and livestock production.


Net revenues from nonfarm enterprises were based on gross revenues minus the operating costs over the past 12 months. Wage income was cal- culated as the sum of annual earnings in wages for the main job; cash and in-kind wages were also examined for each household member. Transfers were derived as the net value of cash and in-kind transfers received and sent. Other income covered rents (cash and in-kind) received through ownership of assets such as housing, land, and equipment, along with interest, dividends, and pensions.


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