General Anthracnose disease on Poa annua
said, applications need to be carefully considered because development of resistance to these chemistries is a potential problem and, in the USA, research has identified isolates of C. cereale that show resistance to these classes of fungicide (Wong, et al, 2007a&b, 2008).
It is generally considered that, if a chemical control option is to be implemented, preventative applications will be more effective than curative ones. Also, a preventative application should be applied approximately 28 days prior to the normal onset of disease symptoms but, with so many environmental factors affecting Anthracnose development, this remains an area requiring further research. If fungicide applications are made preventatively, other chemical classes can be included in the
Colletotrichum cereale appressoria in plant tissues
programme and, perhaps, one of the key active ingredients is chlorothalonil. With a true contact mode of action, this active ingredient can be applied alone or together with an acropetal penetrant (generally called systemic compounds). As with many of the fungi that have the ability to cause disease in amenity turfgrasses, there is still a lot for us to learn about C. cereale and the Anthracnose diseases. We do have a number of options for improving cultural control and this can only increase as we learn more about the factors that allow disease development and symptom expression.
Dr. Kate Entwistle, The Turf Disease Centre Email:
kate@theturfdiseasecentre.co.uk www.theturfdiseasecentre.co.uk
C. cereale spores being released from Acervuli Basal Rot Anthracnose
References:
Crouch, JA; Clarke, BB & Hillman, BI. 2006. Unravelling the evolutionary relationship among the divergent lineages of Colletotrichum causing Anthracnose disease in turfgrass and corn. Phytopathology 96:46-60
Inguagiato, JC; Murphy, JA & Clarke, BB. 2008. Anthracnose severity on annual bluegrass influenced by nitrogen fertilization, growth regulators and verticutting. Crop Science 48:1595-1607
Murphy, J; Wong, F; Tredway, L; Crouch, JA; Inguagiato, J; Clarke, B; Hsiang, T & Rossi, F. 2008. Best management practices for anthracnose on annual bluegrass turf. Golf Course Management, August, 93- 104
Wong, FP & Midland, SL. 2007a. Sensitivity of California Populations of Colletotrichum cereale to the DMI fungicides Propiconazole, Myclobutanil, Tebuconazole and Triadimefon. Plant Disease 91:1547-1555
Wong, FP; Midland, SL & de la Cerda, KA. 2007b. Occurrence and distribution of QoI-resistant isolates of Colletotrichum cereale from annual bluegrass in California. Plant Disease 91:1536-1546
Wong, FP; de la Cerda, KA; Hernandez-Martinez, R & Midland, SL. 2008. Detection and characterisation of benzimidazole resistance in California populations of Colletotrichum cereale. Plant Disease 92:239-246
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