I Arctic biodiversity: impacts and pressures Human Activities Worldwide Climate change

Melting sea ice Decreased

snow cover Changes in precipitation patterns

Permafrost thawing

Habitat loss along migration routes

Mineral exploration, extraction and development

Depletion of food sources along migration routes

grounds outside the Arctic Long range transport

of contaminants Loss of wintering Decreased habitat quality Changes in vegetation

Unsustainable harvest

Oil spills

Increased human activity (tourism, shipping, development)

Invasive species

Fragmentation of habitat Loss of habitat

Population declines

Change in Native Biodiversity Ecosystem state change

Decrease in populations Extinctions

Decrease in spatial distribution

Increased vulnerability

Reproduced with kind permission from CAFF LIMITATIONS AND STRENGTHS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 33 II In the Arctic

IMPACTS

PRESSURES