spawning grounds as identified as Coull et al. (1998). These ranges have been estimated at an average 30km radius, with the exception of East Anglia ONE where the design envelope includes only small pin piles and so a 9km radius has been used.
273. As previously discussed, the herring spawning stock relevant to East Anglia THREE is the Downs stock. From Figure 11.62 it is apparent that unlike other projects, the behavioural noise contour for East Anglia THREE does not overlap with any currently defined herring spawning grounds. As such, in the case of herring there is no potential for the East Anglia THREE project to make a contribution to any cumulative effect associated with underwater noise (i.e. no impact).
274. Figure 11.63 provides the same information in relation to cod spawning grounds. With regards to cumulative effects on cod spawning, and as discussed in section 11.6.1.5, there is some overlap with East Anglia THREE 168dB contours and those estimated for other windfarm developments with low intensity cod spawning grounds. Cod spawning grounds are extensive and high spawning intensity is considered by Ellis et al. (2010) to occur in the northern North Sea, some considerable distance from the East Anglia THREE project. The contribution of East Anglia THREE site to the cumulative effect of underwater noise on cod spawning will therefore be of negligible significance.
11.8 Inter-relationships
275. The assessment of the impacts arising from construction, operation and decommissioning of the East Anglia THREE project given above, indicates that impacts on receptors addressed in other ES chapters may potentially further contribute to the impacts assessed on fish and shellfish species and vice versa.
276. The principal linkages identified are summarised in Table 11.32 below. No inter- relationships have been identified where an accumulation of residual impacts on fish and shellfish ecology gives rise to a need for additional mitigation.
Table 11.32 Chapter topic inter-relationships Topic and description
Underwater Noise Benthic Ecology Commercial Fish Physical Processes
10 14 7
Related Chapter Where addressed in this Chapter 9
Section 11.6.3 Section 11.7.1 Section 11.5.5 Section 11.7.2
Preliminary Environmental Information May 2014
East Anglia THREE Offshore Windfarm
Chapter 11 Fish and Shellfish Page 85
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