240. Any potential impacts on movement and behaviour in salmonids would be closely linked to the proximity of the fish to the EMF source. Gill and Barlett (2010) suggest that any impact associated with EMFs on the migration of salmon and sea trout would be dependent on the depth of water and the proximity of home rivers to development sites. During the later stages of marine migration, sea trout rely on their olfactory system to find and identify their natal river. During these stages they are likely to be migrating in the mid to upper layers of the water column.
241. Taking the above into account, salmon are considered receptors of negligible sensitivity. Therefore, the impact of EMFs on salmon assessed as being of negligible significance.
242. Sea trout are considered to be receptors of low sensitivity and as a result the impact of EMF on sea trout is likely to be of minor adverse significance.
European Eel 243. European eel may transit the offshore cable corridor and the East Anglia THREE windfarm site. It has been shown that a B-Field from the cable connecting the windfarm at Nysted, to the mainland at around 5 μT (Eltra 2000) resulted in some deviation in the swimming direction of european eel. However this result was found to be statistically insignificant Westerberg (1994). Taking the above into account, European eels are considered receptors of medium sensitivity and taking the low magnitude, the impact of EMFs is assessed to be of minor adverse significance.
Crustaceans 244. Research on the ability of marine invertebrates to detect EMF has been limited. Although there is no direct evidence of effects to invertebrates from undersea cable EMF (Normandeau et al. 2011), the ability to detect magnetic fields has been studied for some species and there is evidence in some of a response to magnetic fields, including molluscs and crustaceans.
245. Crustacea, including lobster and crabs, have been shown to demonstrate a response to B fields, with the spiny lobster Panulirus argus shown to use a magnetic map for navigation (Boles and Lohmann; 2003). However, it is uncertain if other crustaceans including commercially important brown crab and European lobster are able to respond to magnetic fields in this way. Limited research undertaken with the European lobster found no neurological response to magnetic field strengths considerably higher than those expected directly over an average buried power cable (Normandeau et al. 2011; Ueno et al. 1986). Indirect evidence from post construction monitoring programmes undertaken in operational wind farms do not
Preliminary Environmental Information May 2014
East Anglia THREE Offshore Windfarm
Chapter 11 Fish and Shellfish Page 79
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