Graphene and nanofi llers | materials research


selection”, which involves multiple compromises in terms of product specifi cations, thermal properties, strength, regulatory issues, costs and so on, with “material design”. In the latter, the base material is combined and optimised with “something extreme” in the right ratio to yield a combination of properties and structural effects. Carbodeon offers just such a material in NanoDia- monds, which are produced by detonation, creating 4-6 nm diamond particles with an sp3


diamond core,


graphitic facets and surface functional groups. They combine strength, hardness, surface friction, chemical inertness, optical and dielectric properties and thermal, but - importantly - not electrical conductivity. This opens up various potential applications, including


polymer coatings, where NanoDiamonds can be added in powder, suspension or dispersion form to create hard particles bonded to the parent material and thus reinforcing or even restructuring the polymer at molecular scale. In PTFE and FEP coatings, this offers up to 50% wear improvement, up to 66% friction reduction and up to 85% improvement in surface fi nishing. “NanoDiamonds were actually discovered in the


USSR in the 1960s but most opportunities, particularly in polymers, were only discovered recently,” Farmer said. Carbodeon has recently patented a new addition to its uDiamond portfolio in Vox D, a highly zeta negative dispersion with a fully carboxylated surface that will fi nd applications in paints, resins and fl uoropolymers. Of course, Farmer added, echoing others, they are not easy to use and considerable expertise has to be


CNTs need functionalisa- tion to realise their potential, according to Haydale’s


Martin Williams


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