INDEX 121
Oil: Chinese and Indian imports of, 15, 16f, 17; demand in Asia, 15, 16f; import costs of, 57; use in agriculture, 25, 26f, 51. See also Energy
Oil price increases: causes of, 15, 17; effects on poverty, 72; exchange rate movements and, 38; macroeconomic impacts of, 55, 57, 58t; in 1970s, 38, 82, 87; role in food crises, 12, 21, 25–28, 51, 82, 87. See also Energy price increases
Oil prices: biofuel production and, 31; exchange rate movements and, 38; food prices and, 21, 25; trends in, 11t, 12f, 16f, 17 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 38, 87
Pakistan: food prices in, 67, 68, 71; grain stocks of, 33, 36; poverty in, 71; rice exports of, 36
Passa Orio, J. C., 72
Philippines: food prices in, 68; rice imports of, 44, 45, 47f
Poor, effects of food price increases, xii, 1; adjustment costs of, 54–55; analyti- cal framework, 55, 56f; global impact of, 73–75; microeconomic simulations of, 70–77, 74t, 107t; protests, 54; on rural poor, 54; social protection for, 97–98; on urban poor, 54, 72, 73, 107t
Poverty: measurement of, 72–73; rural, 72, 92; urban, 54, 71, 72, 73, 107t Prakash, A., 56–57 Prices. See Commodity prices; Food prices Producers, impact of food price increases on, 76–77, 78–79t. See also Agricultural production
Public Distribution Scheme, India, 19, 44, 98
Raszap Skorbiansky, S., 95 Reserves. See Foreign exchange reserves; Grain stocks
Rice exports: from Asian countries, 8, 36, 45, 46f; of India, 19, 36, 44, 45, 46f; restric- tions on, xiii, 36, 43–46, 45f, 77 Rice markets: demand inelasticity of, 8, 31; distinctiveness of, 8, 13, 43–44, 52; imports, 44, 45, 47f; trade shocks in, 43–46 Rice price increases: bubbles, 45, 77; causes of, xiii, 43–46; compared to other grains, 13; in 1970s, 81, 85–86, 86f; speed of, 9; supply responses to, 77, 78–79t; timing of, 13; transmission into domestic markets, 68 Rice prices: effects of export restrictions on, 44, 45f; stock levels and, 36–37; trends in, 8, 9f, 12f; volatility of, 8, 13, 85
Rice production: in Africa, 77; responses to price increases, 77, 78–79t; by smallholders, 8, 43, 77; yields in, 20
Rice stocks, 31, 32, 32f, 34t, 35–37, 44–45 Robles, M., 42
Rosegrant, M. D., 30 Rosen, S., 75
Rural areas: food prices in, 71; poverty in, 54, 72, 92
Russia: export restrictions of, 47, 48; wheat production and stocks of, 33, 47. See also Soviet Union
Safety net programs, 97–98 Sanders, D. R., 41, 42 Schepf, R., 8, 29, 30 Shapouri, S., 75 Shariff, A., 98 Siamwalla, A., 92 Slayton, T., 19, 44 Social protection, 97–98
Socioeconomic groups, distribution of food price increase impacts, 75–76 South Korea, maize imports of, 49–50 Soviet bloc countries, 21, 24f, 33, 35 Soviet Union, 85. See also Russia Soybean prices: increases in, 9, 12, 29, 30, 31, 81; in international markets, 8; trends in, 8, 9f, 12f; in United States, 8, 18 Soybeans: imports of, 8, 17–18, 18f; produc- tion of, 17–18, 29; transport costs of, 26
Stocks. See Grain stocks Sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa Supply inelasticity, of grain markets, 7
TFP. See Total factor productivity Thailand: effects of food price increases on poverty in, 71–72; rice exports of, 46f; rice prices in, 8, 67; rice stocks of, 36, 44 Timmer, C. P., 8, 19, 44 Total factor productivity (TFP), 20 Trade shocks: as cause of food crisis, 43–51; in maize markets, 49–50; in 1970s, 84–85; in rice markets, 43–46; in wheat markets, 46–49. See also Export restrictions Transport costs, 26, 60, 69, 80 Trostle, R., 14
Tyner, W. E., 1, 37, 39, 51, 52, 88
Ukraine: export restrictions of, 47, 48, 49; wheat production and stocks of, xiii, 33, 47 Ul Haq, Z., 68
United States: agricultural subsidies of, 85; biofuels policies of, 30–31; biofuels produc- tion in, 28, 31, 33, 35f; energy costs in,
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