120 INDEX
Household welfare, effects of food price increases, 55, 56f, 70–77 Hoyos, R. de, 70, 73
Hunger, impact of food price increases on, 75. See also Food security Hurt, C., 1, 37, 39, 51, 52, 88
IFPRI. See International Food Policy Research Institute
IMF. See International Monetary Fund Imports: effects of commodity price increases, 55–58; ethanol, 30; oil, 57; rice, 44, 45, 47f. See also Food imports
Income distribution, effects of food price increases on, 72
India: agricultural production in, 19; demand for food in, xiii–xiv, 14–19; dietary changes in, xiii–xiv, 14; economic growth of, 14; export restrictions of, 19, 36, 44, 46, 48, 98; fertilizer subsidies in, 77; food prices in, 67, 68; grain stocks of, xiv, 19, 33, 36, 84; oil imports of, 15, 16f, 17; Public Dis- tribution Scheme, 19, 44, 98; rice exports of, 19, 36, 44, 45, 46f; rice prices in, 44; safety net programs in, 98; wheat exports of, 19; wheat prices in, 44; wheat produc- tion of, 36, 44, 88
Indonesia: grain imports of, 14–15; malnutrition in, 76
Inflation. See Consumer price index; Energy price increases; Food price increases Interest rates, 38, 39–40
International Development Bank, 68 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 92, 95
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 29, 55, 57, 58, 60
International trade. See Exports; Imports; Trade shocks Irrigation, 21, 22f Irwin, S. H., 41, 42 Isik-Dikmelik, A., 72 Ivanic, M., 2, 70, 71, 72, 75
Japan, rice stocks of, 44–45 Johnson, Gale, 101 Josling, T., 46
Kazakhstan: export restrictions of, 47, 48; grain exports of, 47; wheat stocks of, 33
Land degradation, 20, 21, 97
Latin America: food prices in, 67, 68; mal- nutrition in, 75. See also Argentina; Brazil; Central American and Caribbean area
Least-developed countries (LDCs), food imports of, 56–57. See also Developing countries
Low-income, food-deficit countries, 56
Macroeconomic impacts: of commodity price increases, xv, 55–70; exchange rate movements and, 58–62; transmission into domestic markets, xv, 62–70
Maize exports: of China, 49; of United States, 7, 8, 28, 49, 50, 50f, 60, 61t
Maize prices: biofuels demand and, xiii, 29, 30, 31, 51, 97; increases in, 9, 12, 13, 29, 81; supply responses to increases in, 77, 78–79t; trade shocks and, 49–50; trends in, 8, 9f, 12f, 84; in United States, 8, 18, 37, 37f, 49, 50f
Maize production: in Africa, 77; for biofuels, 18, 28, 29, 35f; of China, 18; responses to price increases, 77, 78–79t; transport costs of, 26; in United States, 18, 28, 29; yields in, 20
Maize stocks, 31, 32, 32f, 33, 34t, 35f, 37, 37f
Malawi, agriculture in, 77 Malnutrition, 75, 76. See also Food security Markets. See Futures markets; Grain markets Martin, W., 2, 70, 71, 72, 75 Meat consumption, xiii–xiv, 14, 18 Meilke, K., 68
Men, food consumption by, 76 MENA. See Middle Eastern and North African countries
Mercer-Blackman, V., 31
Mexico: effects of food price increases on poverty in, 71; maize imports of, 50 Microeconomic simulations of food price increase effects on poverty, 70–77, 74t, 107t
Microeconomic studies, xv–xvi Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries: maize imports of, 50; malnutrition in, 75; wheat imports of, 49 Mitchell, D., 1, 25–27, 29, 39, 51–52 Mitra, S., 46
Mozambique, effects of fuel price increases on poverty in, 72
Nazli, H., 68 Ng, F., 57
Nigeria: agricultural production in, 77; effects of food price increases on poverty in, 73; fertilizer subsidies in, 77; food imports of, 60; inflation in, 63, 64f Nixon administration, 84–85, 87
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