RESEARCH ROUND-UP |
research round-up
DHEA AND INTRACRINOLOGY AT MENOPAUSE, A POSITIVE CHOICE FOR EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN SPECIES
Labrie F, Labrie C. Climacteric 2013; 16(2): 205–13
factors, namely cessation of ovarian function (reproduction and estrogen secretion), high circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and intracrine enzymes able to convert DHEA into active sex steroids in peripheral tissues. The arrest of estrogen secretion by the ovaries at menopause causes a decrease of circulating estradiol below the threshold of biological activity, thus eliminating stimulation of the endometrium and risk of endometrial cancer. As much as the arrest of secretion of estradiol by the ovaries is essential to protect the uterus, it is of major importance that sex steroids continue to be made available in most other tissues which need estrogens and/ or androgens for their normal functioning. Evolution, through 500 million years, has progressively provided the peripheral tissues with the enzymes able to make androgens and estrogens while high levels of DHEA, the precursor of all sex steroids, have appeared much later with the primates approximately 20 million years ago. All elements were thus in place for the functioning of intracrinology or the cell-specific formation of estrogens and androgens in peripheral tissues from the inactive precursor DHEA, with no significant release of active sex steroids in the circulation, thus eliminating the risks of adverse effects in the other tissues, especially the uterus. The presence of subthreshold levels of circulating estradiol combined with the formation of sex
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ENOPAUSE HAS BEEN CHOSEN BY evolution as the convergence of three
steroids from DHEA in specific peripheral tissues (intracrinology) makes menopause a positive characteristic supporting many years of good-quality postmenopausal life, useful for taking care of children and grandchildren. DHEA, however, decreases with age and is present at very different concentrations between different women, with the consequence that approximately 75% of postmenopausal women have too low circulating DHEA levels and suffer from symptoms/signs of hormone deficiency.
RETINOIDS IN THE CHEMOPREVENTION OF NON- MELANOMA SKIN CANCERS: WHY, WHEN AND HOW
Bettoli V, Zauli S, Virgili A. J Dermatolog Treat 2013; 24(3): 235–7
agents for preventing carcinogenic progression. Systemic retinoids are the most studied chemopreventive agents due to their capacity to regulate cell proliferation and their demonstrated efficacy in several clinical studies. Objectives: The aim of the authors was to give precise indications regarding the use of the systemic retinoid in the chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Methods: The authors reviewed the literature found through a search to MEDLINE (from 2001 to December 2011). Results: Both acitretin and isotretinoin are effective for the prevention of NMSC. Isotretinoin is preferred in xeroderma pigmentosum and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, whereas acitretin is more used in transplant recipients, psoriasis and severe sun damage. Conclusion: Despite
T May/June 2013 |
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HE CHEMOPREVENTION REFERS TO the use of various types of chemical
A round-up of the most recently published academic articles and research
numerous studies of the literature concerning retinoids in chemoprevention of NMSC, precise details of the type of retinoid to use, dosage and the duration of this preventive treatment and how to manage side effects in the case of long-lasting treatment are still not uniform and comparable. Moreover, neither guidelines nor approval by Food and Drug Administration exist to regulate the use of retinoids in chemoprevention.
HALF Z-PLASTY, BAND RELEASE, AND CAVITY FILLING FOR CORRECTION OF INVERTED NIPPLE
Hwang K, Kim DH. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2013; 47(2): 93–6
Z-plasty, band release, and cavity filling to correct challenging inverted nipples. In five nipples of three adult Korean female cadavers, the tensile strength of the lactiferous duct was measured. A half Z-plasty was designed below the nipple on the areola using a vertical long axis of 30°, 45°, and 60° for one flap and another of 90° with 15 silicone-made nipple protectors. In six inverted nipples of three women, a half Z-plasty, band release, and cavity filling was performed. The mean breaking strength of each lactiferous was 4.7 ™ 2.3 N. The sum of the forces to break three ducts was 14.1 ™ 6.5 N. The mean angle change of the nipple projection of the silicone model was 7.2° ™ 0.3°, 9.4° ™ 0.5°, and 13.4° ™ 0.5°, respectively, in the 30°, 45°, and 60° flap. In all three nipples operated on, sufficient eversion of the nipples was satisfactorily obtained postoperatively. Releasing the inverted nipple
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HE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO describe another technique using a half
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