This page contains a Flash digital edition of a book.
ARTICLE | BODY SHAPING |


100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%


COSMETIC ACCEPTABILITY ACTIVE PRODUCT


69% 60% 54% 46% 31% 23% 17% 0% Colour Negative


ASPECT Poor


Perfume Good 13.5% 19% 13.5% 0% Consistency


SENSATION AT TOUCH Excellent


10% 2% Spreadability 21% 8% 0% Absorption APPLICATION Perfume


Warm/cold sensation


33% 21% 19% 21% 16% 9.5% 9.5% 0% Greasiness AFTER APPLICATION


product residues 0%


Presence of 44% 29% 29% 17% 21% 19% 59% 52% 60% 54%


Figure 11 Cosmetic acceptability reported by study subjects with regard to active cosmeceutical product for the placebo group, in which extremely moderate


variations were observed. Similar observations were subjectively perceived by study populations. Improvements were clinically evident 4 weeks after the end of treatment with the active formulation, confirming its long-lasting lipo-reducing activity. These results were found in the absence of significant


changes in body weight. No adverse effects were observed against any components of study creams. Good-to-excellent cosmetic acceptability was reported for both formulations. The active formulation tested in this study could be safely proposed to selectively reduce abdominal and hip circumferences when applied twice per day for a period of 4 weeks.


 Declaration of interest None  Figure images ç S paravigna et al


References


1. Rawlings AV. Cellulite and its treatment. Int Journal of Cosmet Sci 2006; 28(3): 175–90


2. Pallottini V, Bulzomi P, Galluzzo P, Martini C, Marino M. Estrogen regulation of adipose tissue functions: involvement of estrogen receptor isoforms. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2008; 8(1): 52–60


3. Lavranos G, Angelopoulou R, Manolakou P, Balla M. Hormonal and meta-hormonal determinants of sexual dimorphism. Coll Antropol 2006; 30(3): 659–63


4. Anderson LA, McTernan PG, Barnett AH, Kumar S. The effects of androgens and estrogens on preadipocyte proliferation in human adipose tissue: influence of gender and site. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(10): 5045–51


5. Power ML, Schulkin J. Sex differences in fat storage, fat metabolism, and the health risks from obesity: possible evolutionary origins. Br J Nutr 2008; 99(5): 931–40


6. Ramirez ME. Measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue using ultrasound images. Am J Phys Anthropol 1992; 89(3): 347–57


7. Radić R, Nikolić V, Karner I, Kurbel S, Selthofer R. Ultrasound measurement in defining the regional distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue Coll Antropol 2002; 26(Suppl): 59–68


8. Weits T, van der Beek EJ, Wedel M. Comparison of ultrasound and skinfold caliper measurement of subcutaneous fat tissue Int J Obes 1986; 10(3): 161–8


9. Armellini F, Zamboni M, Robbi R et al. Total and intra-abdominal fat measurements by ultrasound and computerized tomography. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993; 17(4): 209–14


10. Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Hirai Y et al. Abdominal wall fat index, estimated by ultrasonography, for assessment of the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. Am J Med 1993; 95(3): 309–14


COSMETIC ACCEPTABILITY PLACEBO PRODUCT


100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%


70% 55% 26% 13% 2% 2% Colour Negative 28 ❚


ASPECT Poor


6% 0% Perfume Good 4% Consistency


SENSATION AT TOUCH Excellent


0% 4% Spreadability 2% Absorption APPLICATION 26% 31%


11. Ali B, Mujeeb M, Aeri V, Faiyazuddin M, Shakeel F. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Ficus carica Linn. leaves. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26(5): 460–5


12. Slatnar A, Klancar U, Stampar F, Veberic R. Effect of drying of figs (Ficus carica L.) on the contents of sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59(21): 11696–702


13. Hsu CL, Huang SL, Yen GC. Inhibitory effect of phenolic acids on the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in relation to their antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(12): 4191–7


14. Hsu CL, Yen GC. Phenolic compounds: evidence for inhibitory effects against obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52(1): 53–61


15. Reinberg AE, Soudant E, Koulbanis C et al. Circadian dosing time dependency in the forearm skin penetration of methyl and hexyl nicotinate. Life Sci 1995; 57(16): 1507–13


16. Reid G. ThermoTRP channels and cold sensing: what are they really up to? Pflugers Arch 2005; 451(1): 250–63


17. Ngawhirunpat T, Hatanaka T, Kawakami J, Adachi I. Age difference in simultaneous permeation and metabolism of ethyl nicotinate in rat skin. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24(4): 414–7


18. Sugibayashi K, Hayashi T, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T. Utility of a three-dimensional cultured human skin model as a tool to evaluate the simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of ethyl nicotinate in skin. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2004; 19(5): 352–62


65%


67% 59% 52% 29% 15% 2% Perfume 7% 4%


Warm/cold sensation


2% Greasiness AFTER APPLICATION 24% 26% 20% 30% 15% 9% 2% product residues Presence of 59% 54% 29% 58%


31%


Figure 12 Cosmetic acceptability reported by study subjects with regard to placebo July/August 2012 | prime-journal.com


Subjects %


Subjects %


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84